Simplifying Money Matters

13 Awesome Personal Finance Blogs

2011-12-12T21:51:00.001+05:30

Personal Finance is no longer an esoteric topic that is confined only to “experts”. This can be seen by the ever increasing number of Indian bloggers in this very important space. Some of the bloggers have a mass-following due their awesome content, and others (like me) are trying to learn from these amazing folks. Here is a review cum list of some India based blogs in personal finance space [Alphabetic Order]:

http://capitalmind.in/

Mr. Deepak Shenoy mostly writes on trades in Indian markets but sometime publishes gem of posts on personal finance. He is founder of the company MarketVision which offers consulting and training services in finance and technology. His blog might be intimidating for a novice at first, since the posts contains lot of facts, figures and charts. His blogging frequency is amazing (sometimes as high as 4-5 posts in a day). The blog template is simple and easy to navigate with good placement of advertisements. Some of his interesting posts are:

Pay Pre-EMI or Full EMI?

Can you afford to loose job?

Shenoy’s Investment Funda

http://www.gettingmoneywise.com/

Mr. Ankit Agarwal writes topics focussed on providing money saving tips and frugal living ways. The ideas posted are good but I think that the blog has too many advertisements (including one before the post) which distracts the reader from the content. The blog also has some toolbar popping up at the top and bottom which is irritating. Also the language is slightly preachy and hence difficult to follow. Some of his interesting posts are:

Advantages & Disadvantages of Internet Banking

Money Saving Tips for everyone

http://www.happymentor.com/blog.html

Mr. Srinivas Raghavan is the CEO of HappyMentor.com and is a CA by profession. The company provides training and consultancy services in the field of financial planning and organizational development. The blog layout is good and easy to navigate. The interesting aspect is the uploaded videos on the site, in which he talks about various aspects of financial life. In the videos he comes out as a happy person sharing his vast knowledge with the world. He also brings philosophical angle to the process of getting rich. But unfortunately he does not seem to update the blog very frequently. Some of his interesting posts are :

Self-occupied house not an asset

Utilize tax planning to be rich

Fall in love with Passive Income

http://www.knowledgehub.co.in/

Mr. Anshul Dixit aims to spread awareness among people by presenting facts and concepts about many areas, one of which is personal finance. The website name is interesting and the layout is like a collage of various articles written on the blog. I found the front page crowded but surprisingly easy to navigate. Unfortunately 2/3rd of the space for any blog post is taken by side columns and advertisements which makes it difficult to focus on the real content. The writing is simple and informative and he provides simplified explanation of various concepts. The website also provides services like providing articles for other blogs or information for campus placements. Some of his interesting posts are:

Meaning of numbers of Credit Card

How is Sensex calculated?

http://www.investmoneybetter.com/

The blogger goes by the name JigVishu, a software engineer by profession but writes about personal finance. The blog layout is simple with very few advertisement and very navigation friendly. The content is good but the blogging frequency is very less. The blogger has a nice way of explaining concepts using tables and examples, which makes it readable. Some of the interesting posts are:

ULIP Fundamentals

EPF Contribution

Tax Saving Infrastructure Bonds

http://investmoneyinindia.com/

This blog has multiple writers Mr. Tushar Mathur, Ms. Malvika Sampat and Mr. Ziaulla Namani. The blog layout is decent but some of the advertisements (e.g. at the top) are very distracting. The layout has very small fonts. The latest news and other columns on the right does not seem relevant at all. Also despite multiple writers the blogging frequency is very less. Another distraction is the number of tags attached to any post, which are greater than 10 in most cases. The advertisement image at each post is irritating. The content is very diverse and good but the writing style is slightly preachy with less examples making it difficult to read the blog. Some interesting posts are:

7 Insurance Myths Debunked

Layman’s guide to reverse mortgage

http://www.investinternals.com/

Mr. Sherin Dev blogs for http://www.moneywithmoney.net/ as well. The blog layout is really good with some awesome blog content. The frequency of writing is also amazing with more than an average one post per day in 2011. The unique aspect with this blog is the number of guest writers that have written blog posts on it, providing a varied content with diverse thought process. But I feel that the disadvantage of having so many guest bloggers is that you won’t see a single person’s though process. The articles are written in a simple and easy to understand language. Interestingly Sherin makes his blog “Un-Copyright” status. Another interesting aspect is that most of the blog revenue goes to charity, although I could not see any yearly/monthly statistics on how much goes to charity. Some interesting articles are:

The Entrepreneurial Fad

Investing Life Cycle to wealth

Money Lessons to kids

http://www.jagoinvestor.com/

Mr. Manish Chauhan and his team is behind this most successful blog on personal finance. Manish has now launched some personal finance services as well. The blog name itself is unique and attractive. The blog layout is decent but the front page top image “Warren Buffet Vs Sensex” is really distracting. The pop-up survey that comes up is very irritating as well. But the USP is the quality of content which makes this site simply the best. The articles are in-depth and aims at solving real consumer problems. The impressive aspect is the detail that are put by Manish and his team in each blog article. A simple article such as opening a PPF account comes out with clarity. Another great aspect is the immediate response to any comment or email sent to Manish. Recently Manish launched the personal finance forum, that I believe it is first in India (lot of forums related to stocks and investing but not specific to personal finance). Also despite so much popularity of the blog, the number of advertisements is very minimal. The blog is also enriched by the amount of comments and discussion seen on the posts and forums.

http://www.pankajbatra.com/

Mr. Pankaj Batra is a software professional and the blog is a personal account of his hobbies. He recently modified his blog layout and this one seems easy on the eye with advertisements blending smoothly in the background. He writes with decent frequency and the quality of his blog posts are good. His site has lot of download material which is great. Some of his interesting articles are:

Direct Tax Code

Is it just your insurance company’s fault?

http://www.personalmoney.in/

Ms. Shweta Mishra, Mr. Manish Mishra and Mr. Madhur Batra are the authors of this blog. The layout and the name of the blog comes out as very professional. But the content of the blog seems very similar to so many others on the internet and there seems to be a lack of many good quality posts. Although some of the posts are really detailed in nature. Advertisements inside the posts are distracting. The language is easy to follow but the frequency of blogging is not very high given the number of writers. Some of the interesting articles are:

Choose the best childern’s insurance plan

Demystifying LTA exemption

http://ranjanvarma.com/

Mr. Ranjan Verma is also the author of personalfinance201 and developer of a personal finance desktop application called RupeeManager. He has more than a decade of experience in LIC and now he is the founder of RupeeManager. His blog layout is superb and especially the image icon that he has created for his blog is awesome. He also runs RupeeCamp which is a structured program for learning about personal finance. I have been following his blog for very long time and I love it. The way he writes the posts with simplicity and conciseness makes a reader compel to interact/comment on the post. He writes on many other topics including current news. Some of his interesting posts are:

Investing in low-risk mutual funds

How to maximize your income?

Top 10 personal finance resource in India

http://www.smartsingh.com/

Mr. Adheesh Sharma (CFA) is currently pursuing his MBA from Insead. The awesome part of his blog is the funky sardar icon. The blog is filled with many cartoons to explain the concept or show-case some conversation. The layout is very attractive and compels readers to navigate and look around the blog for various articles. The frequency of blogging has been reduced now probably due to his MBA, and he has acknowledged this in his post. The content quality is awesome due to the fact that Adheesh spends a lot of time in simplifying his posts and writing creatively. As an example, check out this post on “Disciplined Saving’ where he indicates that “The money you spend on buying a car today, could fund your child’s way to Harvard”. He very smartly puts his point across with lot of details and conviction in the posts. The blog is very impressive and contains lot of gems. A must read!!

http://www.vinayahs.com/

Vinaya HS is a product manager by profession and writes on personal finance based on his own experience. The unique aspect of his blog is the give-away he does. He sometimes raises some contest or asks readers to put comments and then gives away some book or coupons to the winner. He shares tips on Tuesdays (calls Tip Tuesdays) and has written articles for techdirt.com. Another interesting aspect is the post he does based on reader questions. He is a big fan of ERE and provides a monthly update on his ERE plan with a nice graph. Some of his posts are thought provoking. Few interesting posts are:

Fallacy of traditional retirement calculation

Withdrawing EPF

How to calculate EMI of your home loan

Did I miss any other interesting blog? Please share in comments!!

Note: I have intentionally avoided blogs which are either corporate blogs or blogs specific to only stock investments. Although this implies skipping some of the best blogs like valueinvestor, TipBlog or FundooProfessor. But I wanted to focus on blogs which provides a generic thought process on personal finance for individuals rather than specific investment areas like stocks or mutual funds. This review is my personal opinion and if anyone feels offended, please drop me an email. Appropriate action will be taken.

Provident Fund (PF) Account Balance Online

2011-12-06T16:51:00.001+05:30

It seems that many of salaried employees think of Provident Fund (PF) as a black hole that sucks up their hard-earned money. Economic Times reported that 4000 Crore Rs is lying with EPFO in its unclaimed deposit accounts with no takers.

One of the deterrent for claiming the PF account money (withdrawal or transfer) is the complicated process and bureaucracy involved. Also frequent job changes (sometimes 3-4 times a year) by employees also contributes to unclaimed deposit accounts. On top of that the PF rules are not very customer-friendly.

The introduction of on-line PF Balance inquiry is a positive step in making the process easy. The process involves visiting the following web-site to know your PF balance :

http://www.epfindia.com/MembBal.html [You will need the PF Account Number]

And thankfully this service is free of charge. The catch is that the data is available only for certain cities and that too up-to certain date only. So for example in case of Bangalore the data is available till 08.11.11 but say for Agra the data is till 06.09.11. The complete list can be found here. Also very few cities are included as of now. As an example in Karnataka, data is available only for the following cities:

In most cases the PF number is something like KN/XXXXX/YYYYYY, so when you visit the webpage you will find that it asks you for Establishment Code (Max 7 digits), Extension (Max 3 characters) and Account Number (Max 7 Digits). In most cases you need to keep the middle box [Extension] empty. So fill the “XXXXX” in the first box, keep second box empty and fill the “YYYYYY” in the last box. You need to fill up the Name, Mobile number and accept before submitting. You will then receive an SMS on your mobile number with you balance.

Note that sometimes if you do this process in non-working hours, you may not receive the SMS immediately, so try during working hours. The SMS contains the details of PF balance as EE and ER amount. The EE = Employee Contribution while the ER = Employer Contribution. The SMS will also indicate the date up to which the balance is shown.

Another good service is the Claim Status. If you have applied for PF Withdrawal or Transfer you can check the application status on this website":

http://www.epfindia.com/ClaimStatus_New.html [You will need the PF Account Number]

But if your company runs its own PF Trust – [my company does], then you may not find this data on the EPFO web-site yet. The current data is mostly for the Regional PF accounts.

I would actually like to see following services on the EPFO website:

Consolidated Statement for every individual across India

Service to apply for any correction in details

Online PF Transfer Application Process [Select Input PF Number, Output PF Number and an identification]

Online PF Withdrawal Process with money getting credited to bank account

What services you would like to see online for Provident Fund?

Is your house really an asset?

2011-11-26T15:04:00.001+05:30

If you ask this question to Indians, the answer is an emphatic yes. It is a prevalent notion that buying a house is akin to building an asset. The desire and need to own a home is hard-wired into the Indian psyche. It might be a good idea to pause and think over this question again, Is your house an asset? To answer this question, you need to define what is the meaning of an asset!! But defining asset is not easy since there are numerous definitions - two interesting ones are :

1) An asset is something that you own, where as a liability is something you owe.

2) An asset is something that generates money for you, where as a liability is something that takes away money from you.

The second definition sounds very logical and if you go by this definition, almost anything you own is NOT an asset. This controversial definition was given by Robert Kiyosaki of Rich Dad Poor Dad fame. This definition leads him to conclude that a self-occupied house is not an asset. Watch this interesting video on Youtube :

Robert Kiyosaki explaining that house is a liability!!

I don’t exactly agree with Mr. Kiyosaki even though I am inclined towards not buying a house. I believe that calling house a liability does not change anything apart from turning the traditional thought process on its head. The ultimate goal for buying an house is a) Personal satisfaction of owning a house b) Increase social status.

Indians think of the house purchase as a form of investment, which is incorrect. Let us step back and think about why anyone wants to invest their money? The whole purpose of investment ( be it in stocks, mutual funds, FDs, house or gold etc. ) is to beat the inflation and grow the money. The intention is to increase the financial net-worth so that a person can enjoy life and be mentally peaceful during any emergencies.

So is buying a house an investment? Yes and No. Let me explain this.

You may know of your friends & family who bought a house very cheaply few years back and the current price of the house is quoting much higher. But are they enjoying their current life or are they financially stretched owing to a huge chunk of earning going as EMIs? Is this sacrifice of constraint in present living state worth the investment for future self-owned house? If you are stretched too much today, then your house is definitely a liability.

Another question to ask is, when someone sells a house what happens to the money earned? Assume one of your friend bought a house for 30 Lakhs say five years ago and now it is quoting at 70 Lakhs. If he sells the house today earning a cool profit of 35 Lakhs (minus bank and other miscellaneous expenses). What happens to this 35 Lakhs? The most probable answer is that it is spent on buying another house. Did you know of anyone who sold his house pocketing a huge profit and then spent that money on a foreign trip or paid for medical emergency? In majority of cases once you buy a house, the money invested just remains as a house, you sell this to buy a bigger/better house.

If you think about any other investment, the same does not hold true. Any money earned through stocks or mutual fund immediately goes into some expenses be it for children’s education or buying that big car. But a house remains a house even across generations and the money is locked in that house. So any house bought on a huge loan only turns out to be an asset for the next generation (since they got it for free) and not for the person who bought it. I strongly believe that with nuclear family being the trend and with more globalized world, children will not care about the ancestral house and may not be living in it.

As a fact, most people who buy houses/apartments on huge loans are taking significant risk compared to the returns given by that house during their lifetime. Thus to me it implies that house is a liability.

A rough indication below will indicate that a house bought on loan cost much more than it seems :

Down payment in cash [the cash gets locked up even before you are living in that house]
Monthly EMI [Major portion of EMI is interest in initial years]
Intermediary Fees [if bought through a broker]
Miscellaneous Fees [e.g. lawyer fees, society fees, loan processing fees for banks]
Government dues [registration fees, electricity charges, house taxes, VAT/service tax]
Premium paid for Insurance of house
Maintenance/upkeep for the house

An important point to note here is that typically the amount of money (interest) you pay during loan tenure to the bank, for taking home loan is approximately same as the principal (~purchase price of house). The worst part is that EMI usually follow the upward trend, as the cost of fund increases for the bank, making the house much more costly to the end-customer.

Hence buying a house may become a liability rather than an asset due to the inability of buyer to identify and understand the risks involved. This is actually true for any investments but for house purchase the stakes are much higher and risks runs much deeper.

Here are some tips to make your house an asset rather than a liability:

Try to purchase a house which is priced a little less than what you can afford. Keep some buffer rather than stretch your finances.
Keep a target of 100% ownership in next five years
Buy a house which is 2-3 years old or new but fully completed. An under-constructed property is certainly more risky & hence inherently costly but it may seem cheaper upfront
Buy a house when you can afford to pay 30% or more down-payment and plan to pre-pay the loan within 5 years
Better to buy a house in tier-II city and rent-out the house rather than make it self-occupied in tier-I city. You can save on tax that way and also avail HRA.
Stay on rent in good locality to enjoy your present life. The rent from your house in Tier-II city should compensate for the expenses incurred on that house.

Some related resources:

Real Estate Bubbles and California's Economic Growth Part-1, Part-2, Part-3

Buy Vs. Rent calculator Link here

Some old posts from this blog

Link1 : How to buy apartment in Bangalore?

Link2 : Get rich by staying in rented house?

Link3 : Reverse Mortgage doesn’t work in India?

Link4 : Real estate real returns?

Link5 ; Buy Vs. Rent

Can you afford to loose your job?

2011-11-22T21:21:00.001+05:30

This is an interesting question asked by Deepak Shenoy on his blog. I wrote a post on similar lines almost two years back (surviving layoffs), although I could not complete the post. Interestingly cutting expenses is not the advise he wants to give. Here is the quote from his blog

Why aren't you telling me to cut expenses?

I could, and this is advice you will get all over the internet. Cut your expenses, hunker down, don't eat out, sell the car and take public transport, change clothes only every other day and so on. Yes, you can do this. But this is easy preaching. It's not practical because you will do it anyhow, if you have to……

Cutting expenses is temporary and defeating. Sometimes doing so gives you a false sense of security - such as: if I cut this and that, I can survive two years! Yes, but like the joke goes:

Preacher: If you stop drinking, the women, the eating out, sweets, salty and fried things , you'll live to be a hundred!

Patient: But what's the point if I can't do any of them? ("Toh jee ke karunga kya?")

Don't do it unless you absolutely have to.

I dis-agree to some extent. Here are my comments to his post on this. I know that advise on cutting expenses is spread all over internet. The point is not to cut down everything and live like a sage. It will not be practical, but reducing expenses by certain amount will, not only help financially but also help mentally. I know of folks who go out dinning almost 3-4 times a week, which can be reduced to 1-2 times a week. One of my friend goes out for shopping every weekend. It has become a ritual to him. With a job loss you can skip 1-2 weeks in a month or you can reduce the amount that you used to buy every week. It is all about striking a balance and keeping a certain check on your expenses.

I would rather suggest to act pro-actively instead of re-actively to a job-loss. It is well known that job-loss is going to be very common in coming years. So isn’t it wise to prepare for it pro-actively during the time you have a job rather than to react after a job-loss? Here are some tips to prepare pro-actively while you have a job:

Keep an emergency fund, but do not dig into it unless it is an emergency.
Get a good job-loss insurance if available
Have a personal family health insurance, since with job-loss your corporate insurance also goes away too
Do not dig into your PF (question was asked on Deepak’s post), It is necessary to understand the importance of PF, which is for building corpus for post-retirement rather than emptying it for a temporary situation of job-loss
Continue to develop your professional skills (even if you have 20-30 years of experience)
Develop some hobby and get deep into it. You will hear numerous examples where hobby gets converted to a business or earn extra income
Nurture a good network of friends (more specifically in your industry)
Try to have a work-life balance and spend time on maintaining good health. Illness during job-loss is not going to help you
Everyone understands the importance of diversifying investments, so for those who are not married it may not be bad idea to think of a similar diversification when you get married. Choose a spouse working in a different industry rather than your own. If you are a software engineer, diversify by marrying a fashion designer or an architect. It will spread the risk of both of you loosing job at the same time.

All of these tips are just common sense. But I will accept that it is easy to preach than to follow them.

Do you have any more suggestions?

India also needs a Plain Writing Act

2011-11-13T20:07:00.001+05:30

[Photo by : Casey Cripe]

U.S President Obama made the Plain Writing Act of 2010 as a law on October 13, 2010. India needs a similar law as well. I looked at a random sample of policy wording document [PDF] from Reliance General Insurance for a HealthWise Policy. Here is the “pre-amble” part:

WHEREAS the Insured designated in the Schedule to this Reliance HealthWise Policy having by a proposal and declaration together with any statement, report or other document which shall be the basis of the contract and shall be deemed to be incorporated herein, has applied to Reliance General Insurance Company Limited (hereinafter called “the Company”) for the insurance hereinafter set forth and paid appropriate premium for the period as specified in the Schedule.

NOW THIS POLICY WITNESSETH that subject to the terms, conditions, exclusions and definitions contained herein or endorsed or otherwise expressed hereon the Company, undertakes, that if during the period as specified in the Schedule to this Policy, the Insured/Insured Person shall contract any disease, illness or injury and if such disease, illness or injury shall upon the advice of a duly qualified Medical Practitioner require any such Insured/Insured Person, …blah blah.

It is simply a lot of gobbledygook text making it very difficult for average person to understand, and more so with English not being our primary language. This is prevalent in every government document as well as financial document. The content is not written in the form that an average person would understand. It seems that such language usage is often meant to confuse and divert the reader’s attention.

As an example, the above text can be made much simpler in following manner without loosing any of the context or the meaning:

The insurance contract between insured Mr X and Company is formed based on the proposal and declaration submitted. The insurance contract is based on the appropriate premium paid during the period as mentioned in this document.

The company promises to pay amount Rs Y if the insured person Mr X acquire any disease, illness or injury during the policy period. This amount paid is subject to terms, conditions, exclusion as defined in this document. The company requires that the advice of a duly qualified Medical Practitioner.. blah blah…

Jyoti Sanyal in his book Indlish provides an interesting historical reason behind such officialese language in our official documents. As per him, this type of language originated from babus working for East India Company. Unfortunately Indians adopted this not only in English but also in many regional languages.

The advantages are obvious for having a law for plain writing. It will

Make it easy for customers to understand what they are signing
Bring transparency in the process and deals
Reduce any mis-selling of products
Reduce legal actions arising out of confusion between consumers and service providers.

I strongly believe that majority of mis-selling happens due to lack of understanding of the terms and conditions while signing up for any service. Hence such a law will be an important step in protecting consumers from fraudulent service providers. What do you think?

Akshay Tritiya & Gold

2011-05-02T06:52:00.001+05:30

[Photo by Mr. eNil] So you must have heard that Akshay Tritiya (or Aakha Teez) is falling on 6th May and it is an auspicious day for buying gold jewellery. It is said that buying gold on this day will bring prosperity and increase in wealth. This belief is so rampant that everyone plans and buys (even if token) gold coins/jewellery on that day which increases the demand and pushes the gold prices to exorbitant levels.

But very few really go and check out the true significance of this belief. Here is some history about Akshay Tritiya and why buying gold is not the true essence of this holy day as per Hindu mythology.

If you remember the Mahabharata, where Pandavas had to be exile in the forests. The eldest Yudhishtra was not happy since he was unable to feed the holy sages that he met during his exile in the forest, so he prayed to Lord Surya. The Akshay Patra (inexhaustible vessel) was given to Pandavas by Lord Surya on the day of Akshay Tritiya. The idea is that the vessel will always be filled with food until the Pandava’s wife Draupadi will eat for the day. Another related mythology story is when Rishi Durvasa visited Pandavas and by that time Draupadi had already eaten the food from Akshay Patra and hence no food remained for the great Rishi Durvasa. Hence Draupadi prayed to Lord Krishna, who came and ate the single grain of rice from the Akshay Patra and announced that He is satisfied with the food. This caused the Durvasa Rishi and his disciples to also feel full-stomach.

So this indicated absolutely no connected with the belief that buying gold on the auspicious day of Akshay Tritiya will make you prosperous. The people twisted the mythological story to indicate that anything you acquire on this day will be inexhaustible similar to Akshay Patra and since the most precious thing to buy is gold, which then will remain inexhaustible. It is exactly the turning the table on its head, since as per my understanding the idea of Akshay Patra is to use it to donate the food to the needy and it still does not exhaust (rather than keeping it to yourself). The idea should be that anything you donate on this day will be inexhaustible, but that is now long forgotten.

This twisted interpretation is especially great for people in the gold business since the demand for gold shoots up artificially. The gold prices in India this Akshay Tritiya is expected to shoot up to Rs 25000 per 10 gram. The only people who are going to gain are the people who do business in gold.

There are lot of interesting gimmicks launched by jewellers to attract the customers during this year. As an example their is a “double protection” scheme which allows customers to book jewellery at a desired gold rate and does not impact your cost if the prices go up. In the event of gold prices going down compared to booking rate, the difference will be paid back. This is good for business but not so good for customers. The problem is the confusion created by the various advertisements on such scheme. Can a customer keep the booking rate lower than that day’s price? Will the labour charges be returned back along with cost of gold if the gold prices go down? What if the particular seller where you booked the gold prices, manipulates the gold price on Akshay Tritiya to ensure that it is higher than what most buyers have booked at? Can a customer cancel the booking without loss if some other jeweller is giving gold price much lower than the shop where customer booked the rate?

My advise for everyone is to not go after such schemes without knowing full details and the risks involved. The gold buying should be just one part of your investment portfolio and should be done in staggered manner to meet investment objectives.

Income Tax Payment through ATM

2011-04-01T18:27:00.002+05:30

Times of India reported that “aam aadmi” can now pay the income tax through ATM and this is currently available to the UBI debit card holders.

The bank's debit cards holders will register on the lender's website. This site is in turn linked to the National Securities Depositories Ltd which will help validate the permanent account number (PAN) of individuals and the Tax Deduction Account Number (TAN) provided to taxpayers.
After the registration, a customer can go to a Union Bank ATM and can surf the income tax menu which will display his PAN number and ask for the tax amount that is to be paid along with item-wise details of any other amount the assessee may want to include in the tax payment.
On confirmation, the tax amount will be debited from the customer's account and the ATM will generate a receipt with a special number. After 24 hours, customers can log on to the bank's website, submit the special number and print a challan.

This looks great on paper but implementation will be difficult since for most of the salaried class the tax is already deducted at source. The remaining salaried class who typically gets more than two Form-16s would probably require such a service, but there are too many individual cases which the ATM menu may not be able to handle. The main hassle is in identifying and calculating the balance tax amount rather than paying it at the bank branch. Also, it is yet to be seen whether all UBI ATMs across the country can provide such a service. If not, then with this service, I expect a similar queue outside the ATMs as we currently see in the bank branch.

Also the bigger queues are due to the fact that most people will leave it to the end of deadline for submission of Income Tax, which the ATM facility can not solve. It will another hassle to resolve ATM related issues while submitting income tax (think of the cases today where ATM card insertion does not work or the card gets stuck or money is debited fully but cash delivered is less, so on and so forth). It will be more complicated to resolve issues in such a case.

I guess the intention is noble, but it will mainly depend on the execution and should be extended to all bank ATMs.

Visa and MasterCard Killer–Rupay

2011-03-30T21:04:00.001+05:30

Photo by roujo

TOI reports that India will soon have it’s own payment processing firm called Rupay competing with Visa and Mastercard payment processing firms.

After almost two years of planning, the National Payments Corporation has at last finalised the proposed unique India Card which once commercially launched would be an domestic alternative to the global real-time payment processing firms like Visa andMasterCard.

"We have finalised name of the proposed card as Rupay at our board meeting here today. We have also finalised the logo for the same," a senior official of the RBI-set up National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), told PTI this evening. The official sought not to be named.

NPCI is an umbrella institution for all the retail payment systems in India. I could not find any information about Rupay on the NPCI website, but given the statistics of the transactions that it handles is pretty impressive. It also gives a list of Payment systems worldwide, which is interesting to know.

The advantages of Rupay should be really good especially in lowering the transaction charges for using debit/credit card at merchant sites. As of now, all the banks which issue credit or debit cards to the end-user for transactions at various merchants in India or abroad has to tie up with Visa or Mastercard. The transaction is routed through the infrastructure owned by Visa/Mastercard not situated within the country. This implies substantial cost to the banks as well as merchants which are passed on to the end customer. Rupay will eliminate majority of this cost.

The interchange cost for transaction settlement paid by Indian banks to Visa/Mastercard is close to Rs 500 crore in one year and most of these transactions are purely domestic transactions. Rupay would reduce this cost substantially and can still connect to the Visa/Mastercard for international transactions.

The plan is great, but it needs solid execution, since any Rupay based system has to develop the necessary infrastructure to handle the millions of transactions that happen in India. Also security is a big concern and Rupay need to scale up quickly to the level of Visa/Mastercard to ensure transactions in secure manner with less chances of fraud. In case of Visa/Mastercard they push the security solutions based on their standard up-gradation worldwide. So Rupay system need to match that as be as agile in upgrading to latest security infrastructure as happens globally. It is also a challenge to incentivise the already existing merchants to sign up for the Rupay system. Ofcourse cost advantage will help but security will be the key. NCPI has loads of work to do on that front.

The NCPI is also working on utilizing the Aadhaar developed by UIDAI (headed by Nandan Nilekani) and will be developing a proof of concepts through a MicroATM. This is interesting since it brings the lowest strata of society into high-technology banking transactions.

Guest Post – Stock Market Investment Post Retirement

2011-03-25T21:00:00.001+05:30

This is a guest post from Mr. Ramalingam K.

Most Retirees feel great getting a bulk sum as provident fund and gratuity, and wish they knew a magician, who could spin their money 2 to 3 times in just 5 years, in addition to ensuring a regular return for their day to day expenses. It is true we all want it to keep up with the inflation rate in the market. I know of no such magicians, and it is practically not possible to multiply your money 2 to 3 times in just 5 years. But I definitely know of smart investment planning and investment advisors that could help you to beat inflation.

A step by step look at your considerations to come out with smart calculated investment decisions:

Post-retirement, you know that you would no longer earn a regular income and would have to stay on your savings, provident fund, gratuity, and other benefits that have been given to you. You would definitely want more good returns on your investments, but your appetite for risk is low, for you would not want to lose your precious savings. So you would prefer to shift your portfolio of investment from risky ones to safer ones like fixed deposits in banks and good rated companies.
However your need for more income, capital gains to keep up with inflation, and rates of interest on fixed deposits decreasing each year may make you puzzled about coping up with the increased financial needs. You, as a senior citizen are lucky to be getting additional interest, however taxes leave you with not much more. However you are not prepared to subject your savings to the volatile bullish and bearish trends of the share market of over-confidence and pessimism.
You retire at 60, considering 5% is the rate of inflation annually, with life span as 85, and spending Rs.20000 per month, you would require a retirement corpus of Rs.42,00,000 if the return rate was 8%, while you would require Rs.47,00,000 if the return rate was only 7%. I am sure you would invest smart, reducing your retirement corpus by 10.5% by just investing for 1% more return.
It is true that stocks and shares gave an annual compounded return of 17 to 18% in the last 15 years, with long term stocks giving a compounded returns of about 15 to 18% annually. However you have not appetite for risky and volatile investments, and may want to play safe with low or moderate risk to capital and in not putting all your eggs in one basket or to divide your risk.
After your retirement you would do best to follow the advice of financial experts and invest no more than 10 to 20% of your retirement corpus in shares and stocks. A novice to the share market, or lack of time, inclination or shrewdness may not prove right to deal in the share market, and most financial advisors advice senior citizens to invest in mutual funds. These companies have experienced fund managers and researchers with in-depth knowledge of various industries and valuation principles and also offer diversified investment options in shares in companies, debt instruments and government securities.
The choice of retirees should be to invest in big cap funds, funds investing in huge paid-up capital companies, while mid cap funds suit those who do not mind medium risk-taking. However small cap funds, invested mostly in start-up companies are to be avoided, being highly volatile in nature.
Time plays a vital role in investment in mutual funds, and a good investment advisor would advice you appropriately. The best option for senior citizens would be to first invest a lump sum in a debt based funds that promise good, safe and regular return. This could be followed up by a systematic investment/transfer plan of investing or transferring through ECS regularly a fixed amount for units of a mutual fund. This definitely proves beneficial to take advantage of the volatility of the market, as buying different number of units each month helps to spread the risk also.

A Final Thought:
However your smart calculated investment choice of mutual funds requires evaluating every 3 to 6 months. This would help switching between mutual funds at the right time. My last but most important advice again especially to senior citizens is never go in for stock trading in a big way without proper knowledge and inclination and lose due to volatility of stock and share market.

(The author is Ramalingam K, an MBA (Finance) and Certified Financial Planner. He is the Founder and Director of Holistic Investment Planners (www.holisticinvestment.in) a firm that offers Financial Planning and Wealth Management. He can be reached at ramalingam@holisticinvestment.in)

The post has been formatted before posting, but the contents have been unchanged. The views expressed are those of the author only. This post also appears on moneybol.com.

How to deal with two or more Form-16s?

2011-03-16T15:49:00.001+05:30

People do not leave organizations but they leave their managers.

This is a oft quoted reason for most people, who leave one job and join another. In a growing economy like India, the opportunities are galore causing the employees to leave the jobs very frequently. It is very common to plan/think about new work, new peers or managers, new location and higher salary when a person switches a job, but rarely the income tax implications are thought about!!

When you leave a job and join another, it is a good idea to plan, for the income tax implications and to deal with two or more Form-16 that you will receive for filing the IT return.

The Form 16 is certificate under section 203 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 for tax deducted at source from income chargeable under the head “Salaries”. The Form-16 (or Form 16AA for consultants) is required by the the Income Tax authorities to verify and calculate your income tax liabilities.

It is mandatory for all companies as per IT-Act section 203 to provide for Form-16 to all employees on the payroll, although in some cases there have been lapses by employers in providing it on time to the employee.

What happens when you switch the job in the financial year(April – March)?

Assume that a person worked in a company A from starting of financial year (April) till say September of that year and then moves to another company B. In such a scenario, company A will provide a Form-16 as well the company B will also provide a separate Form-16 to the employee. The person has to use both the Form-16 for filing the IT return.

What is the issue in having multiple Form-16?

The problem is that some people fail to provide the previous employer income to their current employer. So in our example, if the employee joining company B, did not provide the income earning during his tenure at company A, he would have to shell out money while filing the IT return.

Most people do not understand this calculation and thinks that they have been robbed due to excessive tax deduction. The reality is that they earned more money in the year and have paid less taxes.

Let us take a practical example. This is how the income tax can bite you when you least expect it during the IT return filing:

The problem is that since the person did not declared his earlier income from Company A to Company B, both the organizations considered the six months income as the full financial year income and deducted the tax based on this partial salary. The person is also happy since he is getting more in-hand money due to less tax burden. The reality will be hit when the calculation is done based on both the Form-16 to determine the entire financial year income. When that happens (sometime in month of June), the person has to shell out a good chunk of tax and pay it in lump sum to the tax authorities. Hence it is extremely important to declare the earlier income to your current employer since it will ensure that you don’t get the shock while filing IT returns.

If a person is not able to receive the Form-16 from his previous employer, he/she should ensure that Form 12B is submitted to the current employer to account for the entire financial year income to avoid paying tax in lump-sum. When the previous employment income is declared, it will be adjusted in the per month tax deduction leaving you with zero liability during IT-filing.

Get Rich by staying in a rented house !

2011-03-12T20:17:00.002+05:30

I was reading Ranjan’s post and it got me thinking again about the real returns of real estate and the arguments against owning a house. I have been not in favour of buying a house and my opinion is still the same.

The problem with real-estate investment is that there are multitude of factors like notional gains, emotional trauma, significant risk exposure and various hidden costs that clouds the real picture, causing the confusion about returns. One of the points that I liked from Ranjan’s post is

If you calculate the IRR for an investment in property, you also need to factor in the maintenance costs and the rent you receive. Often a 3 times increase turns out to be a 6% return on investments.

This is significant to note since most of the times, the friends and family that boast of exceptional earnings on investing in real-estate, is just notional.

In the current scenario, I feel that real-estate is definitely not a good investment and a person can become more rich if he stays in a rented house.

A person buys a house depending upon the level of his income. A person earning higher amount tends to buy a higher priced house and vice versa. Hence there is some correlation between the increase in income levels and the increase in house prices. This also implies that house prices are definitely not going to increase all the time, since incomes are not going to increase all the time. But there are various reasons that house prices can go down even when demand is high. Also there are articles which provide an indication that real-estate prices can drop. If we look at rental prices, they have not gone up proportional to the house prices and hence owning a house is getting costlier every year but not renting the house.
When one considers the ratio of EMI/Rent for a similar house, it is very clear that the minimum ration could be still 4:1 while in some cases it could be as high as 100:1 depending on the location and the built up of the house. This implies that EMIs are always significantly higher than rents. If the remaining amount (EMI-rent) that is saved on EMI (by renting the house) is put into conservative bonds/stocks/gold, they can give significant returns compared to owning the house. So renting could make you richer if the surplus amount is invested in other asset classes which have given better returns than real estate over long period.
When renting a house a low maintenance charges needs to be given to the house owner apart from rent, but when you own a house, a person’s outgo is not only EMI but other expenses like taxes, insurance, maintenance etc and if this can also be invested in other asset class, wealth can be grown many fold over longer durations.
When the interest rates rises or real estate prices come down, the EMI seldom comes down (it rather increases) but rents will definitely come down. If you own a house, the outgo remains high in all real-estate cycles. Also the EMI pinches the most since majority of the portion is towards the payment of interest component of home loan, whereas a person living on rent can again invest the additional surplus if the rent decreases.
A home loan increases the risk appetite of a person tremendously and hence restricts the person to pursue options to increase his income. I know of many friends who could not move to another city, take up another job or start their business simply because of the home-loan EMI. But a person living in rented house can simply move to a better job in another city or move to a smaller rented house before starting a business.
If a person buys a house, the choice of house/neighbourhood will depend on his income level, but when a person rents a house, at a much lower outgo, he/she can stay in a much better house with better quality of life. This is especially true in metro locations where better locality commands a huge price of house but the rents are still affordable. For example, in Bangalore if your EMI is around 20K per month [house ~ 25L], the only house you could buy is in a lower-middle class locality (or far away places from city), whereas with a rent of 20K you can take up a house in the really posh locality.
There are other factors which are never accounted like emotional trauma in purchasing a house (most of the builders are not keeping their promises). The house possession is being delayed, the quality of construction is not up to the mark and in certain cases their is a straight cheating by builders who simply run-away taking the money. A person on rent simply changes the house if he/she doesn't like the current place.

Although government is doing its bit by planning to have a real-estate regulator but I do not think that it can change the real-estate landscape significantly in coming years. It is important to invest in real-estate as a means to diversifying your risk but don’t follow the herd. It is very important to set out priorities and understand your risk appetite. It is a myth that if you don’t buy today, you will miss out on the game and hence don’t fall for it. Only buy when you really need it and buy only, what you can afford without compromising your lifestyle or other priorities in life. I have not invested in real-estate and do not intend to do in next ten years.

Read out this interesting blog post by Manish as well.

Should You Buy Home Loan Protection Plan

2011-02-23T19:42:00.004+05:30

I was having a discussion about whether to buy a Home Loan Protection Plan (HLPP) when someone has taken a home loan. The idea of HLPP is very noble, since any person taking a home loan would like to ensure that in the unfortunate event of his/her death, the family can continue living in the house. The HLPP ensures that in case of death of the home loan borrower, the insurance company will pay back the remaining outstanding loan amount to the bank.

What is HLPP and why it is needed?

It is well known that buying a house is the most important financial decision taken during one’s life. I would rather defer the buying of a house to mid-40s but at any stage of your life if you decide to take the plunge of buying a house, typically by availing a home loan, you need to worry about HLPP. If the house is bought through home-loan it increases the risk profile since the person owes money to the bank. In essence, a person creates a huge liability by taking home loan and in case of an unfortunate death of the borrower, if the survivors can not pay the EMIs, then the bank has the right to sell the house to recover the loan amount.

This is the reason most housing finance companies will try to sell a protection plan (HLPP) to the home loan borrower.

A home loan protection plan is one whereby in the event of your death or disability resulting in loss of income, a sum of money will be made available towards the repayment of your loan. This ensures that your family or dependants do not have to worry about the loan repayment and your home will not be taken away by the bank.

How does HLPP works?

Let us take an example of a person taking home loan of Rs 20 L for the tenure of 10 years at say 12% interest, then the EMI calculated would be Rs 22021 per month. Let us assume that the borrower is paying the EMI regularly for next 10 years and now the outstanding loan amount is Rs 15 L. If the borrower dies after 10 years, the HLPP insurance will pay back the outstanding loan amount (Rs 15 L) to the bank. This is exactly similar to a term insurance plan except that the life cover will be equivalent to the outstanding home loan amount as per home repayment schedule (shown below).

Is HLPP same as Home Owner Insurance/Home Content Insurance?

The HLPP is fundamentally different than a House Owner Insurance or a Home Content Insurance. A Home Owner Insurance is insurance for the house (building structure) you have purchased (under construction or built) and provides protection against the risks to property such as fire, riot, flood or any weather damage. There are three types of coverage included in such insurance

Replacement cost coverage: Cost of replacement of property regardless of appreciation/depreciation
Actual cash value coverage: Cost of replacement minus depreciation
Extended replacement coverage: Cost of replacement including the increase in construction costs

A Home Content Insurance is for the contents of your home. This coverage is for the loss or damage of the valuables inside the home like the electronic and electrical goods, furniture, clothing, jewellery and any other precious contents inside the home. The contents are covered on the market value of the items and in case of a loss the insurance claim is paid on the value of purchasing a similar new item exempting the depreciation value.

I will only talk about the HLPP in this post.

What are the cost of HLPP?

The HLPP costs are similar to the term insurance costs with various premium payment options. The various options as of now offered are:

1) Single premium payment: A single premium is paid while taking the insurance. Also most housing finance companies will try to club this single premium in the home loan amount itself.

2) Equated Monthly Instalments: This is similar to any other term insurance plan with premium payment frequency to be yearly, quarterly or monthly. In most cases this EMI is bundled with the home loan EMI. Some HFC have come up with reducing EMI plans since the sum assured also is reduced progressively.

3) Limited Pay Option: Some HFC provides the option of paying only till a limited duration within the loan tenure. For example, if loan tenure is 15 years, the option would be to pay EMI only till 10th year.

If you use the some home loan protection calculators, the premium amount for a home loan of Rs 20 L for 20 years tenure with age of borrower 30 years comes out to be

49160 Rs for Single premium
8870 Rs PA for Limited Pay Option [EMI till 13 years] : 115310 Rs Total
6946 Rs PA for EMI Option for full tenure : 138920 Rs Total

The cheapest Term Insurance plan for the same Rs 20 L for 20 years with borrower's age 30 years is Rs 3060 per annum and hence total outgo is Rs 61200. [I used this calculator.]

These are just rough figures based on the websites of various companies. But it is clear that the cost of HLPP compared to a pure term insurance is almost the same.

So why HLPP is not a good option?

When cost is not a key deciding factor for choosing an HLPP Vs. Term Insurance plan, then what are the other issues with HLPP? Here are some of the problems:

1) A pure Term insurance cover remains constant for the entire tenure, while after each EMI, the HLPP cover reduces. This is not very helpful since for almost similar cost it is preferable to receive a fixed monetary benefit rather than a reducing one. Isn’t it better, that in the unfortunate death after 10 years, your family should get Rs 20 L (as in Term Plan) instead of a Rs 15 Lakh (as in HLPP) based on reduced outstanding loan.

Some insurance companies claim that they offset this difference by reducing the premium amount over the tenure, but it is important to note that as a person ages, his risk profile goes up and so does the insurance premium. So any offset in premium reduction to take care of reducing sum assured is balanced by increasing premium because of increase in risk profile due to old age. This premium calculation should be clarified with the insurance company before signing for HLPP.

2) It is well known that Interest Rate fluctuation causes a change in the home-loan EMI amount or loan tenure. Typically, rise of just 0.5% of interest rate would increase the EMI term for additional year, however HLPP does not give you insurance cover for those additional year. I could not find it in any documents on the website and hence it is advisable to check this while availing such scheme. Also if the interest rate falls and the period of the loan gets reduced (& if at all the banks pass the benefit to the end customer), then the refund from the insurance premium is minuscule. This also needs to be clarified before taking up the HLPP.

3) There could be a chance of a home loan foreclosure for some borrowers. If the home loan is taken for a tenure of 15-20 years and over the tenure if the borrower received some surplus money due to variety of reasons, he/she may choose to repay the home loan prior to the tenure. In such a case, the home loan insurance becomes void. But a term plan will continue and provide the additional security.

4) A HLPP may become also void if you try to switch from one Home Loan lender to another, whereas a borrower typically does to get a better deal on home loan interest. If you switch the loan, then you need to buy another HLPP insurance from the other lender. This should also be clarified before taking up the HLPP plan. A term plan will remain with you and protect you despite any number of switches of loan companies.

Here is the summary of all the points:

It is important to also look at the various charges as well as exclusions and compare with Term plans before going ahead with HLPP. Also it is not mandatory to buy an HLPP while taking a home loan (sometimes mentioned by person you are dealing with). So I would recommend a Term Plan since the benefits far outweigh that of HLPP.

Health Insurance Portability

2011-02-16T14:07:00.003+05:30

IRDA in its recent circular approved the portability of health insurance, allowing the customers to carry forward all the benefits of health insurance of previous policy to the new policy with different insurer. This is really a good news for all of us, since choosing any particular health insurance is anyway an onerous task.

What exactly is portability?

To understand the benefits of portability, it is important to understand “what are the benefits health insurers provide for renewing the policy with same insurer”?

Waiting period of pre-existing illness: Most health insurers in India have a waiting period of 2-4 years for inclusion of pre-existing illness. So if you take a policy today, expenses related to any pre-existing illness will not be covered till you continuously renew the policy for next 2-4 years.
No claim bonus: Most health insurers offer a no claim bonus of 5-10% (discount) on the premium if you continue with the same insurer and have not made any claim for any medical expenses. Some insurers have introduced this discount on premiums irrespective of claim status.
Initial waiting period after policy starts: Most insurers have a waiting period of 1-3 months when the policy comes into force, during which time only the accidental expenses will be covered but no other medical expenses can be covered. This waiting period does not exist if you re-new the policy with the same insurer.
Waiting period of coverage of certain exclusions: Some insurers have a waiting period of 2-4 years for specific illness or for senior citizens. As an example, stone in kidney or cataract are excluded for 2-4 years if a senior citizen starts a new health insurance policy.

In essence, these are the benefits of remaining loyal to the same insurance company. In the current scenario, these benefits are lapsed if you try to switch to another insurance company, which is unfair as far as customers are concerned.

Why customers want to switch from one insurer to another?

There are several reasons why a person may want to switch to another insurer:

Poor Service Record: This is the most common reason for switching to another insurer.
Premium amount saving: Another insurance company may provide higher sum assured at lower premiums than the current insurance company.
Specific coverage: The other insurance company may be providing coverage of any specific illness which the current insurance company is not providing. As an example, most personal health insurance policies does not provide cover for maternity expenses but Max Bupa policy provide that cover after a waiting period of 24 months.

So, IRDA plans to ensure that if a customer is not happy with his current insurance provider and wants to switch to another insurance provider, all the benefits accrued for continuing with the current insurance provider will remain intact and can be carry forward to new insurance policy. For example, if your current insurance policy has a waiting period of one year for pre-existing illness and if you switch to a new insurance company with new policy that has a waiting period of two years for pre-existing illness then with portability in place, you only have to waiting period of one year in the new policy for the pre-existing illness coverage.

Issues with portability

The portability concept is definitely good for disgruntled customers but I think that it does come with some issues:

The credit for the waiting period is limited to the sum assured under the previous policy. So for example your existing policy has sum assured at 2 lakhs and if you want to take up new policy of sum assured at 5 Lakhs with a different insurance company, the credit will only be applicable for the 2 Lakhs basis. This calculation can be very confusing for end customers.
It will be a huge task for the end customer to find another policy that has all the benefits of his existing policy and some more at the same premium rate to motivate for a switch. For example, if a person wants to switch to insurance company B from insurance company A, say due to lot of paperwork and poor service related to claim settlement, he needs to ensure that insurance company B not only provides good service but also has similar benefits (similar coverage etc) of the policy as provided by company A. If that is not true, there is no point for making the switch.
I believe that most insurance companies will close older policies and bring new policies to ensure that they do not loose due to the new portability rules from IRDA. This is because the entire concept of waiting period came from the fact that companies wanted to retain their existing policy holders. This waiting period is typically useful in cases where the company increases the premium rates but the end customer has no choice to move to another insurance company since otherwise he would loose all the benefits. But with portability, most insurance companies loose this advantage. Hence, I think the policies will be changed.
There would definitely be cases where the current insurance companies will be reluctant to let the customer make a switch and may cause operational delays or may cause policies to expire due to variety of reasons. This may result in increase of complaints. [Similar thing has been observed in mobile number portability]
Some insurance companies may try to ask customers to use credit cards to renew their policies. The trick is that in the “Terms and Conditions” section (one of the rarely read part) it could easily add a clause to give the right to the company to renew the policy (say one month before expiry) by charging the credit card automatically. This is typically done by web-hosting companies. This ensures that onus of cancelling the renewal payment lies with the customer who in majority of cases will forget the policy expiry dates.

I do think that portability game will bring some standard into the health policies and it will be easier to compare them but it will also bring some of its own issues.

Succession Certificate–what and how?

2011-02-05T21:49:00.003+05:30

I got a nice comment on my earlier post on nominations which mentioned a slight correction in the post about the PPF withdrawal limit of 1 Lakh. The comment mentioned that if the person has a succession certificate then the entire amount will be given to the legal heirs. Let us talk more about this “succession certificate”.

A succession certificate is a document obtained for a deceased person who did not have a will. It contains the list of deceased person’s debts and securities. The problem is that most people think that if the succession certificate is obtained then the person is the rightful owner of the deceased person’s properties, which is not the truth.

A succession certificate allows the person to act exactly similar to how a nominee would act. It gives the authority to the holder for distributing the deceased person’s assets. So how would the person decide to distribute the assets? He has to look at the succession law and based on that he decided to distribute the assets.

The way to obtain the Succession Certificate is to

Make an application to the district judge (where the deceased person is residing).
The application should contain details about the time of death of the deceased person, the place of his/her residence, details of all the legal heirs, the debt and securities in respect of which the certificate is applied for etc
If the district judge is satisfied with the application and accepts the legal ground for entertaining the application, he may assign a hearing date.
The court will issue notices to all the concerned parties (typically all legal heirs).
A newspaper notice has to be issued apart from the mandatory notice to the respondents. A typical wait period for this notice is 1.5 months from the date of publication.
After the hearing, if the district judge decides that the right of Succession Certificate belongs to the applicant, the judge will pass the order to grant the certificate.
Once the order is passed, the applicant has to submit judicial stamp papers and court fees as per the court rules.
It is important to note that the court fee is a percentage of the value of the asset with a maximum limit. So if the asset value is very high, the court fees could actually be very handsome. (Say for flat of Rs 40 Lakh, the fees could be Rs 75000)
It typically takes 3-4 months for the entire procedure to be completed and getting the certificate.
Once you have the certificate, you are authenticated to distribute the assets to the legal heirs as per the succession laws.

The succession laws in India are very complicated and are very different based on a person’s religion (for e.g. Hindu Succession Act & Christian Law of Succession).

Disclaimer: Please note that I am not an expert in legal laws and it is advisable to visit a qualified lawyer for any truthful information on such laws before making any legal moves.I do not take any responsibility, if you read this post and act based on it.

Beware of Equity SIPs

2011-01-29T14:21:00.003+05:30

SIP or Systematic Investment Plan is very well known for mutual fund investment. The advantages of investing through SIP mode that typically proclaimed are :

Rupee cost averaging
Disciplined mode of investment
SIP methods works irrespective of the current market level

These are great advantages, especially for retail investors. So some brokerage companies have started providing facility to invest in the SIP route for individual stocks. This is “Equity SIP” which is the new buzzword. There are two types of SIP investment allowed:

Amount based: Fix the amount to be invested at regular intervals
Quantity based: Fix the quantity of shares to be invested at regular intervals.

This sounds like a great way of investment on the face of it, but is it really that good? Let us try to analyse whether a retail investor will get the same benefit of SIP investment as mutual funds:

Rupee cost averaging: The key advantage that is mentioned for SIP investment is that even in volatile markets this is a great tool due to rupee cost averaging. The key to cost averaging is that if market is down, you will get more units and if the market is up, you get a higher portfolio value. This sounds great and it definitely seem to work for individual stocks as well, but the rupee cost averaging can only average out a less volatile stock (which is mostly true for mutual fund due to inherent diversification). If a stock (& for that matter mutual fund) is extremely volatile, then this method may not be able to average out your losses. In essence you need to find a good stock with high growth potential and less volatility to use rupee cost averaging.
Disciplined mode of investment: Yes, this method definitely forces investors to shell out money at regular intervals, but it is useful only if over a long period you are increasing your wealth. If you invest regularly in a stock which is sliding down over a long period then definitely it is not a great investment even if you are putting money at regular intervals. In essence you need to find a good stock with high growth potential and less volatility to make disciplined mode of investment.
SIP works irrespective of market level: This is true because at lower levels you will get more units and the rupee cost averaging kicks in for mutual funds. This does not apply for individual shares though. Will it really makes sense to invest when you know that the particular share has just tanked to the bottom. Some of the stocks never recover and so will your SIP investments.

If I look carefully, Equity SIPs does not sound as attractive as it is made out to be by the brokerage houses. The brokerage charges for Equity SIPs are same as those for investing directly into shares and hence it does not offer any advantages. So does it mean that retail investor should never look at Equity SIPs? Well not actually, since I feel these are great tool of investment if :

You invest in exchange traded funds (ETFs) which are passively managed and hence less volatile
You invest in quality stocks which are strong in fundamentals and currently undervalued
Brokerage houses start giving additional benefits like lower charges for this disciplined investing

I am using Equity SIPs for Gold ETFs as a long term investment.

How to choose Health Insurance?

2011-01-26T15:19:00.003+05:30

When I wanted to buy a health insurance, I was completely baffled by the plethora of choices in the market offering different types of plans. It is an extremely difficult task to really select the medical insurance plan which will satisfy your needs.

There are two kinds of health insurance plans, the one is the traditional mediclaim policies (similar to the policies taken by companies for their employees) which does a reimbursement of any medical expenses incurred, the other way is the critical illness policies offered by life insurance companies which provide a lump sum for any critical illness. I will talk about how to choose the first kind of policy.

Some of the key questions to ask while selecting health insurance:

1) The Annual Limit: What is the annual limit of reimbursement per year. It is a good idea to choose around 3-5 lakhs since the medical costs are going up day by day.

2) Sub-limits : What are the various sub-limits in the policy? The most typically caps are on room-rent, ambulance services, doctor’s fees or diagnostics.

3) Co-payment Clause: Is there any clause of co-payment for certain cases? Some policies have co-payment clause either after certain age limit, some may have the clause of co-payment for kids, some may have this clause for specific treatments.

4) Pre-existing coverage: Does the policy cover the pre-existing illness? Some policies cover it from day one, some cover only after a specific time period (say 2 years).

5) Exclusions: Most policies will have some or the other exclusions. The exclusions come under permanent exclusions or time-period based exclusions. So for example, suicide related expenses are excluded permanently in every medical insurance. But for maternity benefits a policy may have a exclusion only for first 4 years.

It is very difficult to find a single policy which will have all the features and hence it might be a good idea to purchase 2-3 policies with different features to cover all medical possibilities.

Tax Saving Tips

2011-01-16T16:29:00.003+05:30

Nothing is certain but death and taxes. The time of the year has come to think about your taxes for the last financial year. If you are a first timer in paying income tax, this guide might be helpful (may be out-dated a bit).

But do you really give a thought while investing for the purpose of tax-saving? The Income Tax law is complicated due to the variety of cases it needs to cover, but even for seasoned professionals certain aspects of Income tax laws are confusing or not knowledgeable. Here are some tips which might be helpful for some extra saving of tax:

1) Get insured but with a caveat: With the new DTC proposal, all life insurance policies whose sum assured is greater than 20 times the annual premium, the maturity proceeds are taxable as normal income. So if you are trying to buy any life insurance policies just to save tax, be aware to have annual premium less than 5% of sum assured. This does not apply to term insurance though, since there is no maturity proceeds.

2) Use losses in stocks to save tax: Short-term capital losses can be set off against both short-term as well as long-term capital gains. This is something most people often miss, especially for salaried employees who do not seem to account the stock losses in the IT-declaration proof submission to the employer.

3) Pay rent to your parents if you stay with them: If you stay in a house owned by your parents (or even spouse) and if their income is not significant (especially true to senior citizen parents), then you can pay them rent which can be used to save against HRA. The person receiving the rent has to pay taxes though if the income exceeds the stipulated amount.

4) Use alternate LTA claims: Typically LTA claims can be taken only once in two years. So if you & your spouse both are working, you can decide to alternately claim the LTA benefit with your respective employers.

5) Give loans to your children: If you give a lump-sum amount to your major children as loan (interest-free), you can avail of the tax-benefit since no income or gift tax is applicable on such a loan. This is similar as giving them a gift, the difference would be that when you gift the ownership of the money gets transferred to your children.

Inflation Index Funds

2011-01-14T15:13:00.003+05:30

Inflation is definitely a cause of worry for every individual. If the purchasing power of money keeps getting reduced, then a person will not be able to sustain present living standard, unless his income is increasing proportionately.

Inflation is such a beast that it not only makes your present life difficult, but can ruin your savings/investments for the future. It is to be noted that before May 2005, SEBI prohibited any capital-protected products. But now SEBI, relaxed these rules, allowing issuers to offer funds that provide capital guarantee. Currently there are numerous fund houses marketing such capital guarantee funds, but inflation turns out to be a real beast.

It is no wonder that the “mehangai dayan” song is such a hit.

I am just waiting, when the government or financial institutions will start launching a inflation protection funds. Such inflation-indexed funds are not a novel idea and they definitely exists in other parts of the world. For e.g. Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (or TIPS) are the inflation-indexed bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. The principal is adjusted to the Consumer Price Index, the commonly used measure of inflation. The coupon rate is constant, but generates a different amount of interest when multiplied by the inflation-adjusted principal, thus protecting the holder against inflation.

Reserve Bank of India published a paper on inflation-index funds [PDF] in December, indicating that these might become reality soon in India.

It is proposed that we may issue IIBs wherein the principal is indexed and the coupon is calculated on the indexed principal, as set out in the discussion paper on Capital Indexed Bond issued by the Bank in 2005.

In simple terms, here is how it works :

Assume the IIB are released with a 10-year bond with 2% interest to be paid semi-annually. It means every six months, interest at 2% will be calculated and paid to the investor. Assume you invested Rs 100 in January. So after six months, the interest needs to be paid. But before the interest is calculated, the principal is adjust to current inflation rate. In this case the principal (Rs 100) is first adjusted for inflation (assume 8%). So the inflation adjusted inflation will be Rs 108. The 2% interest will be calculated on this inflation adjusted principal thus giving higher returns.

The key benefits of such a investment avenue is that it is risk-free way to beat inflation although the real returns are not very spectacular. It will be a great tool as a portfolio diversification method and specially useful for conservative investors or senior citizens.

EMI Calculation– An Example

2010-12-01T13:40:00.002+05:30

I wrote about how EMI is calculated and how to calculate EMI using MS Excel. It is not a big surprise to me that these are often the most viewed posts on my blog. Some of the readers commented on giving an example along with the posts, so here is the post explaining EMI with an example:

Example 1: Assume that you take a loan of Rs 100,000 at 8.75% per annum rate for a tenure of 10 years. How to calculate the EMI?

Open the excel sheet and click on fx.

Choose the Financial category and select the PMT function.

In the function arguments, enter the values. In our example, our interest rate is 8.75%, so enter “8.75%/12” The Nper is the tenure in terms of months, in our example it will be 120 months, the Pv is the Loan amount and keep Fv & Type to 0. Press OK.

When you press OK, you will see the result in the selected cell as shown. The EMI is Rs 1253.27 for our example.

What is the interest component of say 10th EMI?

Proceed as in above, but choose the IPMT function rather than the PMT function. The following inputs are required:

The only new input is the Per, which is the EMI for which you want to know interest component. In our example, we want to know the interest component for the 10th EMI, so input as 10. The result is Rs 693.75.

So, when you will pay the 10th EMI of Rs 1253.27, you are paying Rs 693.75 as interest component and remaining for reducing the principal.

What is the principal component of 10th EMI?

It works same as above except that you need to choose the PPMT function rather than PMT function.

If you want to know the principal and interest amount for each of your EMIs, then there are many calculators (excel sheets) available on internet. I like this advanced excel calculator since it takes into account any additional payment made.

Digital Data - an Asset

2010-11-26T22:11:00.002+05:30

Our lives are definitely becoming more virtual and hence it is no surprise that when you think of making a will, you also need to consider your digital data as an asset. In simple terms, your will should answer the questions like “Who gets your email id after your death?”

With most of our lives going online, it is important to consider the data accumulated over our life-time as a data which should be either passed on to your legal heirs or totally destroyed. Digital data includes email accounts, social networking accounts, internet banking accounts, online photo albums, blogs and any data residing on your computer.

Why the heck would anyone want any access to your digital data? Why you should care? The reason is exactly the same with respect to your off-line assets like a house. You create a will since you do not want your legal heirs to fight over your assets and there is a good chance that they will fight over your digital data as well. I can easily think of legal fights over getting a dead writer’s un-published work or a ace photographer’s digital album or access to a extremely popular blog (which can be a revenue stream) in the event of a death.

The on-line assets are definitely more complex to come under a single umbrella of legal laws since each on-line website have different policies related to this issue. For example, gmail terms and conditions allows a legal heir to access the account if proof of death is furnished.

I reckon that in future digital data succession will become as crucial as any other offline asset succession and hence making a digital will become absolutely necessary.

When to make your Will?

2010-11-24T13:13:00.002+05:30

This is a most difficult topic for most Indian households and oft ignored. I yesterday went to a friend’s place and he had called up a LIC agent to his home. I distinctly recollect that they talked in a very hush’ed tone, because he was discussing about how much money his family will get post his death. It was obvious that discussing death and money together is still taboo in Indian society and hence the same goes with making a will.

I think most people know what is will and it’s importance but still probably I reckon that 90% of Indian household never discuss this topic. I believe majority of Indians die without making any will, causing major dispute among legal heirs post any death.

It is so simple to make a will in India and so important especially with legal recourse taking many years that everyone should definitely have gone through this process. It is important to note that assigning nominations alone does not help and a will is very important.

So when should a person make a will?

The question is never answered appropriately. As per the Indian Law, any person above 21 years of age can make a legally valid will. But the key point before deciding on making a will is to think about :

A sudden death is more probable in today’s fast paced life. So don’t think that you will not die till 80 years of age.
If you die intestate (without making will), your legal heirs are not only your spouse/children. Check out this Hindu Succession Act and you would know who all can be your legal heirs.
It is foolish to think that your legal heirs love each other and will never fight over your property. This has been found untrue in so many cases.
There is no threshold asset value, only above which legal heirs will consider it substantial for fighting.
The distribution of assets are done equally by the court of law without considering who is more needy amongst your legal heirs.

I would recommend that you should start thinking of making a will as soon as you get married. You can start with making a will on a simple white paper and asking your friends to act as witnesses. As you grow financially and acquire assets, you could add codicils to your will. If the number of codicils are more than five, then re-write a new will. You can think of registering your will once your assets have reached a substantial amount (you can decide what is substantial). Where there is a WILL there is a way!!

AMFI plugs hole for Third Party scam

2010-11-21T18:56:00.000+05:30

When investing in mutual fund schemes, it is very common to call up a broker and issue a cheque to him in the name of fund schemes. The cheque does not necessary be from you, so it could be from your spouse or your friend or as a matter of fact from anybody. The regulatory bodies wouldn’t have thought that this simple flexibility could actually lead to various scams.

Hence, to plug this seemingly innocuous hole in the mutual fund investment mode, AMFI has come up with guide lines to not allow any Third Party cheques[PDF] when investing in mutual fund schemes.

As per guidelines issued by the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI), mutual funds are required to put in place strong processes by November 15, 2010 to ensure that Third-Party payment instruments are not used for mutual fund subscriptions.

So from 15th Nov, you will have to issue cheque from your account when investing in mutual fund in your name. The few exceptions are like parent investing on behalf of minor child or employer on behalf of employee.

But what is the Third Party Scam? It is simply a common case of trusting a middle-man and not doing due diligence. Here is how it works: You ask a broker to suggest a mutual fund scheme, and issues a cheque against that mutual fund scheme. He will fill a form and get your signature, but the problem is not in filling the form or not reading it properly, the actual problem is of trusting the broker. The broker can simply go home, shred the form you filled, then fill another form in his own name and submit the cheque along with the form issues by you. Since mutual fund accepts Third Party cheques, your money is being used by the broker to have scheme in his name. He simply needs to forge the receipt and give it back to you. The broker could simply redeem the money without you noticing anything.

The interesting aspect is that SEBI dis-allowed third party cheque in stock investment few years ago, but it is continued in mutual funds. I believe that AMFI has taken the right step in this direction, thus blocking these Third Party scams.

How to obtain your credit rating?

2010-11-19T12:45:00.000+05:30

Every wondered why sometimes a bank refuses to provide you with that loan despite the fact that you satisfy all their criterion or why sometimes the credit card company refuses to increase your credit limit?

The answer typically lies in the fact that you may have a poor credit rating. CIBIL is India’s first credit information bureau. The CIBIL shareholding pattern is like this :

The CIBIL agency gets the information from its members about any individual person and creates a rating system. In simple words, whenever you go to any bank for taking a loan (car/house/personal), the respective bank contacts the CIBIL agency to verify your credit rating, which is based on your own history of borrowings and payments.

How does the credit report looks like?

The credit report typically looks like this [PDF]. It contains your personal details (like name, phone number, account number, address etc). It also contains the history of your accounts and your borrowing history and the way you have repaid your loans. It also contains the history of banks/institutions that requested for your credit report.

How can you obtain your credit report?

It is simple process. You need following documents as mentioned on the website ;

It is important to note that there are no authorised agents for CIBIL who can get you the credit report. Check out the message indicated by CIBIL

Why it is necessary for you to get your credit report?

The reason you would want the report may simply be for informational purpose, but typically it will help you in understanding why a certain bank refused loan to you. Also there could be a possibility of your credit information being incorrectly stored in CIBIL data-base. In such case, you could actually contact the respective bank and ask them to make corrections and inform CIBIL of the correction as well.

Is there a security issue since all your information is with CIBIL?

Not really. The information is accessible only to you and the member banks (who already have your personal information). Also the RTI Act does not apply to CIBIL, since it is not a Public Authority. Also the information is kept securely using state-of-the-art technology.

Check out the information about credit bureau in other countries.

0% EMI–An excellent mechanism and a good trap

2010-11-17T01:27:00.000+05:30

There’s no such thing as free lunch. But marketers are promising exactly that with the 0% EMI schemes. You must have come across such deals especially while buying consumer electronics. The main claim of such schemes is to offer you an EMI scheme which will have

no interest charges. This seems too good to be true, but in reality there are some really 0% Interest schemes. So what is the trap and how to know which schemes are really delivering a fully interest free EMI scheme.

Some few years back this was the most popular schemes for selling consumer electronics products especially with banks supporting and providing the finance. But RBI regulations advising banks to not indulge in such schemes have helped. The reason why the central bank decided to give a directive is because the scheme being promoted in a false manner. The problem with these schemes is mostly related to hidden charges. The way the charges are mentioned/categorised gives a false impression to the customer and making it difficult for the customer to have an informed choice.

Here are some hidden costs in the 0% EMI schemes:

1) Processing Fees: Such schemes typically asks for one-time processing fees for the loan. These are variable depending on the dealer/bank/purchase amount you are dealing with.

2) No Cash Discount: If you avail such scheme, any other discount provided by the dealer is not applicable. This is a real catch, since most of these 0% EMI schemes are promoted during festival period, when the dealers are willing to give lot of discounts to increase their sales.

3) Advance EMI/Down-Payment: These types of schemes typically asks for some part of the payment done in advance. In essence, you are not entitled for the entire amount of purchase to be converted into EMI.

4) Documentation Fees: Some offers ask your salary and if it does not meet a required parameter, they ask for certain documents. In such cases, an extra charge for document processing may be applied.

5) Availability on select models only: Sometimes the schemes are available only on select models/products. If this is the case, it surely indicates that the dealer wants to empty his inventory for these models which are probably old or not selling well.

6) Shipping charges/Installation charges: Sometimes dealers apply shipping/installation charges if you buy the product on 0% EMI scheme but no such fee if bought through cash.

7) Hidden conditions: Sometimes there are hidden conditions/restrictions while buying through 0% EMI scheme, which should be understood properly before signing the dotted line.

It is important to understand and calculate the real charges for such 0% EMI schemes before getting into one. As an example, if your purchase bill is Rs 36K, and availing 0% EMI scheme for eight months, with processing fees of Rs 1000 and forfeiting the cash discount of Rs 2000, the interest rate effectively turns out to be around 18.75%, definitely much higher than availing personal loans.

These schemes are not all that bad given the fact that the effective interest rate is still much less than using a credit card. Hence such schemes can be utilized by a consumer after carefully calculating the real rate of interest.

There are also some “real” 0% EMI schemes, where the manufacturer or the dealer absorbs the interest charges in favour of higher sales (may be for that specific period). So having an awareness is much better and wiser while availing such schemes.

Chasing the Sensex is useless

2010-11-12T22:07:00.000+05:30

With BSE Sensex closing at spectacular high during the Diwali season, it made a big news all around. But chasing the Sensex has become an addiction to not only the media but the retail investors as well. The problem is that the euphoria corrupts the minds of retail investors and they start thinking of investing because Sensex is going up and not based on their understanding of the fundamentals of company. The question that came to my mind is that does it really matter to chase the index and to try to time the investment at lowest index to gain spectacular returns?

The answer comes out as a resounding “No”, and it is based on the historical data. I started digging at the BSE Sensex index history for the last decade starting from 2000 onwards. Let us assume that your investment exactly reflect the BSE Sensex performance. So let us compare the compounded gains when you invest at

1) Lowest Index each year

2) Highest Index each year

3) At a fixed date (say 1 Aug) each year

So if we look at the BSE Sensex for the past decade (2000 – 2010), it turns out that the index gave a CAGR return of 16.187% at lowest value investment, 13.125% return at highest value investment. The surprise is that when looking at historical data at a fixed date every year (1 Aug), the return is actually 15.501%, very close to investing at the lowest levels.

This is significant in the fact that instead of timing the market to find the lowest value, if a person invest every year at the fixed date in a steady manner, the returns are almost similar.

The key learning is to ignore the short-term sentiments of the market. If you make steady and consistent investments, you would get decent returns without fretting over timing the markets.

Reverse Mortgage–It doesn’t work in India

2010-11-10T18:14:00.000+05:30

Reverse Mortgage is not a very oft heard and used term in India, despite the fact that there are millions of old age people in the country. Just taking a peek at the Age Transition graph for India [Source PDF], it is clear that the population of old age group folks are going to increase many-fold from this year onwards. It is obvious that the entire old population is not going to be financially stable with the rising inflation & increasing health care costs and they would not have much means to earning in old age since the working age population will be growing as well.

The concept of Reverse Mortgage is very simple as shown below, where any senior citizen who owns a house can go to a bank. The person can avail the reverse mortgage loan from the bank by mortgaging the house to the bank. This loan ensures that the senior citizens can get a decent monthly income(based on the valuation of the house) till the senior citizen is alive and can stay in the house as well. It helps the “house-rich-but-cash-poor” people.

The whole idea is to ensure a financial monthly cash flow to allow senior citizens to live freely and independently. Upon the death of the person, the bank may return the house to legal heirs if the loan is paid back or else the house is sold and loan recovered, with the remaining amount paid back to legal heirs. An excellent post on what is reverse mortgage is here.

The concept is simple and on the paper it sounds to be a super-hit with the ever increasing population above 65 years in India, especially with the family support system breaking very fast. In my apartment complex itself, I have seen hundreds of old age people, who are staying alone with their kids settled out of country. But to the surprise of financial institutions, the scheme has seen a very damp response in India.

Let us ponder over why this superb scheme doesn’t seem to attract enough investors.

The scheme targets the senior citizens, but who are currently the senior citizens? The folks who are above 60-65 years. These are the people who were born when India attained independence. These are the people who saw liberalization, when they were already past their youth. These are the people who had very less opportunities for earning money and with too many social taboos and rituals. These people never knew consumerism and did not know how to spend the money. They just know how to save money and make assets and that is why these people built houses sometimes more than one. The whole thinking of the current senior citizens is “What will I do with the extra monthly income, for which I need to sell my house?”, rather when I die, I will give these houses as assets to my children and my grandchildren.The scheme would make sense for people who are currently in their 40s-50s, and hence the banks should actually make these schemes available to people above 40s (definitely lot of varieties/conditions can be included for different age-brackets)
The scheme is not marketed very well and very few people actually understands it. I feel that most financial institutions feel that dealing with senior citizen is very risky. The risk arises from multiple factors especially from the fact that they have not much alternate source of income (and exactly the reason they enter into reverse mortgage in the first place) and hence these people can not be pulled into other schemes of the bank. It is also important to note that the value of a house over a period of time will be sustainable when it is maintained properly, but with senior citizens having health issues and not much available cash, it would be difficult to do so. This may cause a deterioration of the house value over long periods of time. Also it is very difficult for marketing/sales people to deal with their idiosyncrasies and the paranoia. The fact that a banking institution while giving loan typically prefers a longer duration (in normal loans they have pre-payment penalty for early loan closure), but for senior citizen the risk of the scheme getting closed early is high and hence their is less chance to earn profits. Then their may be multiple issues of dealing with legal heirs in case of a death. So, all in all, senior citizens are not worth looking forward for in terms of making a customer base and hence banks have very little in marketing these products. In fact, I see very few schemes targeting the senior citizens and even if their are, they are not marketed enough.
The legal framework is not very strong in India and which makes this scheme much more risky. There are moral issues related to these schemes, for example, if an old widowed lady is not able to maintain the house causing deterioration of the value of the house, would a bank take a legal recourse for ensuring say the roof be made leak-proof or to paint the entire house etc. It is very difficult to handle legal issues related to old people where the legal heirs are all settled outside the country especially when either the legal heirs are not interested or when the residual amount to be gained by them is miniscule. Also there may be issues of corruption when a broker/legal heir/bank employee may seek money outside the agreement (under-hand dealing) and sell the house at a very low-price, thus making a loss for the bank but a personal monetary gain. There could be issues where an elderly person discovers a major health hazard (not everything is covered by medical insurance) and which may require them to sell the house for treatment (or may be to move to a smaller house and use some money for treatment). In such a case, both the bank and the borrower may set to loose the benefit. Then their are multiple legal issues with priority of liens (

It is a legal claim by one person on the property of another as security for payment of a debt.), in terms of taxes on the sale of the house and to prove the legal heir claims. The laws are not clear when a person or household declares bankruptcy, the issues of senior citizens mortgaging the ‘other’ house and also putting it on rent (so essentially gaining money through rent as well as selling the part equity till they are alive).
The upfront charges are typically high and these loans are rising debt loans. A typical loan, when repaid through EMI is a decreasing debt loans. So if you carefully understand how EMI is calculated, you would notice that some part of EMI goes towards lowering the principal as well, but with reverse-mortgage, the interest paid out get added to the principal and hence the debt keeps rising. The psychological barrier to this scheme is the loss of house equity as time progresses. Also since the ownership still remains with the borrower, the wealth tax, insurance, water charges etc have to be borne by the owner itself thus lowering the cash flow.

If I consider all the above scenarios, I would advice that this scheme is helpful only for those who do not have any legal heirs to pass-on the assets or to those who are desperate for some cash-flow (may be because their kids are no longer looking after them). This should not be considered as a means to fill the retirement goal corpus. Also it will take some time for the schemes to become more customer friendly.

Real Estate - Real Returns

2010-11-05T23:51:00.000+05:30

Buy Land, They’re Not Making it Anymore – Mark Twain

Investing in real estate is crucial to Indians, especially owning the first house/apartment. In India, it is common to call it as investment but not to think of it as investment. Note this difference, since most people who “invests” in real-estate do not think about real return on investment (ROI) on real-estate investments.

I would be really wary of putting my hard-earned money in buying a house, unless I get a decent ROI especially when it needs so much efforts and also it may induce emotional trauma.

So what exactly is a ROI for a house and how to calculate it for real-estate investment?

If you are buying a house for purely emotional reason and if this will provide you satisfaction, then calculating ROI is useless. So if you are happy being a owner of a house, then you wouldn’t think of “returns” and ROI is immaterial. But, it is important to distinguish between owning a house for “satisfaction/being happy” Vs “showing-off/rat-race competition”.

But if you are the one who thinks buying a house will make you rich or it will make you financially stable, then you seriously need to calculate a real ROI on the investment.

Almost everyone must have heard about their lucky friends who bought an apartment for Rs 15 Lakhs almost a decade ago which is now quoting at Rs 50 Lakhs. This sounds like an amazing deal, isn’t it? Well not actually, since the CAGR return is just 12.79% which is not a great deal. So if the same 15 Lakhs would have been invested in BSE Sensex stocks, it would have ballooned to Rs 65 Lakhs, definitely better than real-estate.

Note that this is a simplistic view not considering multiple factors like efforts required for investment, overhead costs and risk factors. If these factors are taken into consideration real-estate investment will not sound attractive anymore. The graph below indicates that CAGR return of various asset class over past 10 year period. As indicated, stocks and gold out-perform the real-estate easily.

Some argue the virtue of real-estate investment by giving the leveraging logic. The idea is that if you buy a house, you would just give a 15-20% of cost as a down-payment (e.g. 2Lakh) and then see the real-estate price going up (say Rs 50 Lakh) and calculating the CAGR to be much higher (~45%). This is foolishness and simply twisting the truth to show-case an amazing returns. It is a fact that borrowing money is always costly (how would banks otherwise make money) and more risky. It is important to remember that the loan amount is owned by you, along with the interest to be paid to the bank. Also any decrease in the price of your house will in-fact be a huge loss rather than any gain at all.

Let us compare some points while investing in Stocks Vs Real-Estate.

1) Performance: We already saw that the returns from stock are higher compared to Real-Estate investments.

2) Leverage Advantage: We discussed the leverage logic in real-estate. The same kind of leveraging can be done in Stocks as well.

3) Overhead Costs: The real-estate overhead cost is huge (10-15%) which consists of Stamp Duty, Brokerage Charges, Loan Processing Fees, Legal Fees, Utility Connection charges etc etc. The costs for buying stocks is much less.

4) Taxes: Stocks score over here since you just have the long-term gain (if held over more than a year) but in case of real-estate one has to pay property tax apart from long-term gain tax on selling the house.

5) Transparency: The biggest advantage while buying shares is that you can use the web to determine the fundamentals of stock easily. The same doesn’t apply to real-estate investment. It is so difficult to determine a handsome bargain with so many variables that investing is more dependent on luck than a logical analysis.

6) Efforts: The real-estate investments really gets killed in this parameter. There is not only enormous efforts to find a good house, but once you own it, a lot of effort is needed to keep it in good condition.

7) Diversification: If you invest in stocks, it is so easy to put your money spread across industries/companies/funds to give it protection. This can not be applied to real-estate investment at all.

I feel that the real-estate prices in India are not at all justified and the hype is driven by the artificial demand. Also most people can afford to get into this thanks to easy loans from banks. I hope the bubble does burst early enough to save lot of people who are not in the trap yet.

IPO Investment – Myth Busted By Statistics

2010-11-02T01:14:00.000+05:30

IPO investments are definitely a hype. I don’t like IPOs as a investment due to the excessive marketing which makes it much tougher to find the fundamental value of the company and makes a retail investor more gullible.

IPOs just make gullible investors get excited by creating excessive hype, especially with the promise of making the investor super-rich in a shorted period of time. I have read The Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham and remember that he also recommends that investors should stay clear of IPOs. The simple reason is that IPO is raised to get capital which results in a premium price and offers a very little choice to buy the stock at a discount.

So just to validate this I decided to look at all the IPOs from 1 Jan 2010 till now and to check out the issue price Vs current price of the stock and here is the table:

If you look carefully, all the red-lines are the ones which are giving negative returns (essentially in loss), while all the orange-lines are the ones giving less than 10% returns. So this actually validates what Benjamin Graham has been preaching for so long:

1) Out of 57 IPOs only 21 IPOs are actually providing gains of more than 10%. So essentially only 36% of IPOs are giving decent returns

2) Out of 57 IPOs only 4 IPOs actually make returns more than double. So essentially 7% of IPOs are giving exceptional returns

3) Out of 30 IPOs in losses only 7 IPOs actually gives loss in single digits (i.e. < 10%). In essence, 77% of loss making IPOs are giving losses more than 10%

This definitely busts the myth that IPOs are a source of short term quick gains. Some of these IPOs can actually go above their issue price after certain years, but that again indicates that prices during IPOs are at higher premium.

The “get rich quick” hype generated during the IPOs are typically by the marketing companies and promoters of IPO companies to raise the premium price for mopping up more cash, but for the retail investor it is much better to wait for few days after listing, before investing in the IPOs and that too after the value study of the company.

The only people who possibly gain from IPOs are definitely other than retail investors.

Guarantor Liability

2010-10-28T14:09:00.001+05:30

While learning about the nomination rules for various investment avenues, I got into thinking about the rules related to being a guarantor. The term is typically confused with a reference required sometimes. It is very common to see friends asking their office colleagues or family friends to become a loan guarantor.

I am sure that most people would be very willing to help the needy friend by readily becoming a guarantor without understanding the full implication. The most common mistake happens because a guarantor is thought of as a reference. The problem is that, in the ambit of law, a guarantor is much more than just a friendly reference.

The definition itself tells a lot

“A guarantor for bank loans means a person who promises to provide payment on the loan, or other liability in the event of default.”

It is pretty obvious why banking institutions asks for a guarantor, since lending money is always a risky business with lot of chances of default by the person taking loan. So guarantor is like another chance for the bank to recover the loan money. But with a huge liability, why would anyone want to be a guarantor? A father would readily be a guarantor for his son’s education loan due to emotional reason, but others are gullible enough to not understand the liability of a guarantor and the legal implications.

What happens on a loan default?

If you are guarantor to your friend’s loan and he defaults (essentially not paying the EMI), what do you think will happen? You would think that the bank will chase your friend for the payment. Also if he is unable to pay, bank may pursue a legal course against your friend for recovering the loan amount.

Well here is the shocker!! The bank can actually issue a legal notice to you as a loan guarantor along with chasing your friend for recovery. Supreme Court indicates:

"The legal position is clear that liability of the guarantor and principal debtor are co-extensive and not in alternative," said a Supreme Court Bench comprising Justices Dalveer Bhandari and H L Dattu bursting the myth that the principal debtor had the primary liability to pay up a defaulted loan.

In plain language, the bank (or who-ever lends the money) has full right to pursue both the primary debtor (who took the loan) as well as the guarantor at the same time.

Liability of guarantor is exactly same as that of person taking the loan.

It is important to note that a guarantor involved in a defaulting case would have a negative impact on guarantor's credit history as well. Also once a default has happened, there is very little a guarantor can do except to talk to lender and borrower and try to make a settlement.

So be very careful when providing a guarantee, since being a guarantor is akin to taking the loan yourself without getting the money.

Nomination and weird rules

2010-10-26T16:48:00.001+05:30

I am regular reader of JagoInvestor and recently came across this awesome post on nomination by Manish. I thought, I was well versed by the nomination rules and understood the concept about the difference between nominee and legal heirs. Well, to my surprise, I did find some shockers and it left me amazed by the absurdity of the old rules which probably needs some change.

I would suggest you go through the entire post, but here are the two shockers that hit me:

1) Nomination in Shares: In the basic sense, a nominee is just entitled to receive the money disbursed by the company and is responsible for distributing it to the legal heirs. But in case of shares, the nominee is the one who is the owner of the shares unless you have left a will. Here is what Manish writes

It means that if you have not written a will, anyone who has been nominated by you for your shares will be the ultimate owner of those stocks, The succession laws on inheritance will not be applicable but in case, you have made a will, that will be the source of truth.

2) Nomination in PPF: I am just quoting Manish verbatim:

Let me give you some shock first. If you have Rs 10 lakh in your public provident fund (PPF) account and you have not nominated anyone for your PPF account, your legal heirs will get maximum of Rs1 lakh only! Yes, it’s so important to have a nominee, now you get it . You can nominate one or more persons as nominee in PPF. Form F can be used to change or cancel a nomination for PPF. Also note that you cannot nominate anyone if you open an account for a minor.

This is a real shocker, since in both cases, it becomes absolutely mandatory to have nominee assigned as well as a death-will clearly mentioning whom you want the money to go after your death. The conclusion is that you have be absolutely careful while filling nomination forms and you should plan for leaving a will. Thank you Manish for the wonderful post.

UPDATE: One of the interesting aspect about, not having a nomination for the saving account and when you try to claim that money as a legal heir, is that the banks fix a threshold limit of the money lying in the saving account, within which bank only expect a letter of indemnity for any claim. But if the money lying in the saving account is more than the threshold limit, then banks needs multiple documents (Letter of Indemnity from all claimants, Claim Form signed by all claimants etc), and it will try to make enquiries that there are no other claimants to the money lying in the saving account. Another thing which banks needs in this case is “Surety”. A surety is a guarantee to assume responsibility arising out of any future claimant for the money in the saving account.

The threshold limit can vary from bank to bank (for e.g. State Bank of Mysore has a threshold limit of Rs 50K[PDF]). So say if you want access to the money in saving account of your deceased parents in State Bank of Mysore, if the balance is < Rs 50K you just need to furnish letter of indemnity, but if the balance is more than that (say 2 Lakh), apart from multiple documents that you need to submit, you may have to submit a surety of amount much larger than the balance (may be say Rs 5Lakh) depending on the bank.

Future of Credit Cards

2010-10-24T12:43:00.001+05:30

Remember Aamir Khan in Ghajini giving credit card to the chaat-wala? Well, the credit cards have almost become ubiquitous at-least in the urban India and I think it wont be long before it would engulf the far-reaching rural areas including the chaat-walas. Although I do hate credit card, but there is no doubt that this is going to be the default mode of payment in future.

The credit card companies make a load-full of money sometimes not by ethical means but they are also spending a lot of money in the future technology of credit card which may be more secure and more useful for the end consumer. So what’s the future of credit card? Here are some glimpses:

1) Multi Account Credit Card

The Multi Account Credit Card has two buttons on its face each with an indicator light. So you can essentially have two accounts in the same card. You can also have a credit and a debit card rolled into one. The card contains a lithium-polymer battery inside can last four years under high usage. They're also fully waterproof,

2) The Hidden Credit Card

This card does not display all the digits of your account number and some digits are hidden. This credit card has a keypad and black-and-white display for six of the digits in the card's unique number. Once the correct PIN is entered on the card's four buttons, the missing digits are filled in and the card's magnetic strip is populated with data. Both the digits and the strip become blank again after a short time. If the card is lost, no-one can use it.

3) Contact Less Credit Card

These are essentially chip-cards that works on the RFID mechanism. The idea is that you do not need to swipe and you can just wave the card in front of a special RFID scanner who can charge your card quickly. The RFID chip can transmit a lot more information without having to dial in to a network. American Express says its ExpressPay transactions are 63 percent faster than using cash. I guess, if this technology works out, then the chip may be implanted in other devices like watches or cell phones (already available e.g. Nokia 6131 NFC) and who knows may be in the human body itself.

4) Citibank’s 2G Cards

The Citibank 2G cards are special cards that allow users press the request-rewards button before swiping the card for paying with their card points. The action of pressing the buttons changes the data imprinted on the magnetic stripe.

Check out the video for the demo of some of these cards

There are definitely lot of issues with the new technology that should be sorted before these become the de-facto credit cards. The key point for getting these technologically advanced cards relies in the adoption strategy by the millions of vendors who have already spent money for the infrastructure of today’s simple credit card. So they definitely would need some incentive to switch to advanced technology. Also the security is going to be utmost significance especially for contact less credit cards. I hope we see these soon in India, since I expect that these advance cards will bring more security to the end consumer.

Infrastructure bonds not really tax-free

2010-10-23T13:24:00.001+05:30

In my office there was a lot of hype over investment in the IDFC Infrastructure bonds which were recently issued. These were considered as a great investment vehicle by most of the websites/media channels, goading the retail public to take part in the issue.

I felt that the biggest mis-information regarding these infrastructure bonds is the notion of it being tax-free. Also the problem is compounded by the introduction of section 80CCF in the IT Act by the government which allowed additional window of tax deduction of investments upto Rs 20,000.

But as I mentioned earlier that there are lot of caveats to investing in these infrastructure bonds. The biggest confusion most retail investors have is that the bonds are tax-free, but they are not. The interest received from these bonds are actually taxable and it has been mentioned in the prospectus of the IDFC Infrastructure bond[PDF] as well (check page 29). The current IT Act does not exempt the interest earned through these infrastructure bonds although the tax at source (TDS) is NOT deducted.

The 20,000 Rs additional tax deduction window is too small for any significant benefit. So if you fall in the highest bracket you save at the most Rs 6K a year. The interest earned by you at the rate of 7.5% to 8% will get lower after you include the interest in your taxable income and pay tax on it.

Also most investor think that investment in these bonds is as secure as a fixed deposit, but in-fact these are not as secure. The investors should visit the Risk Factors (Page 46) in the PDF to become aware of the risk in these investments.

I suggested in my earlier post to wait before investment and now I would suggest to invest only if you want to diversify your portfolio to include these bonds, otherwise I would suggest an equivalent investment in mutual funds (higher risk appetite) or in gold (higher gains with lower risks) since these avenues are much better than infrastructure bonds in the current form.

UPDATE: The tax-free bonds typically signify that the investment amount can be used against tax reduction, but I feel that it creates a confusion and should only be applied to EEE type of investments.

NOTE: Dhirendra Kumar, Value Research have similar thoughts.

why I don’t like IPO investment ?

2010-10-17T13:53:00.003+05:30

COAL India, a navratna company is set to launch its Initial Public Offering (IPO) tomorrow. The Government has fixed the Coal India Ltd initial public offer (IPO) price between Rs 225 and Rs 245 a share. At this price band, government expects to mop up between Rs 14,211 crore and Rs 15,475 crore from the issue that will open for subscription on October 18.

In last few months, I have seen IPO advertisements for so many companies(Coal India, Eros International, Career Point, Prestige Builders, Cantabil Retail, Jaypee Infratech etc just to name a few), that it looks like an IPO surge has hit the Indian Stock Markets.

The basic reason why such an IPO deluge is coming in the Sep-Oct month this year, is the bullish secondary market. The stock market is typically driven by sentiments which are currently extremely positive due to the large influx of FII money being pumped into Indian Stock Market. And this is the reason I hate IPO investments.

The IPO route is great for the promoters who can mop a good amount of cash riding on the bullish stock market and most investors look at it as a mechanism to make quick bucks.

The problem is the IPO hype created by companies and underwriters (who are essentially salesman for the IPO) by creating a huge amount of excitement and pro-claiming it as a once in a life-time opportunity. The side-effect of this over-hype is that retail investors jump-in the IPO bandwagon regardless of fundamentals of the company. And this is the reason I consider it as an extremely risky way to invest my hard-earned money.

The price of an IPO is something you can not control while buying and the promoters/underwriters would like to have the IPO price as high as possible. One of the glaring example is the Reliance Power IPO, where most retail investors have lost money.

So I have decided not to put my money into any IPO, but that is just my opinion. If someone does due diligence before investing in IPO, then it may be a good bargain.

So what should be looked at in the IPO before investing? Here are some basic points:

1) Promoter Background: Check the promoter credibility, previous ventures and if any legal cases pending on the promoter.

2) Historical Performance: The same due diligence is required to buy IPO as you would look for stocks in secondary markets. Check at least the last five year performance.

3) Valuation: Check out the industry peers valuation along with the company’s valuation.

4) Purpose of IPO: Check the reasons for the promoters to look for more money through IPO route.

5) Risk Factors: Check various analyst reports, IPO prospectus and other ways to identify the risks involved.

If you have done your research and are confident about the IPO, go ahead and best luck for making good money!!

Investment technique - Ladder strategy

2010-10-15T21:14:00.002+05:30

My father advised me to stay away from risky investments like stocks and to make Fixed Deposits as sole investment way. But times have changed and stocks/mutual funds are the ‘in’ thing, but Fixed Deposits still remains one of the most important mechanism to lock your money.

Fixed Deposit provides you a method to lock you money for a specific period ensuring a fixed interest rate. The problem with FD is that your money is locked for the specific period and if you break it between tenure, banks impose a heavy penalty. Also a shorter term FD gets you lower interest than a higher tenure FD. I just took a look at the HDFC bank website for interest rates and realized that 1-2 years FD interest rate is very close to interest rates for 5 years or more FD, while significantly less interest rate for tenures less than a year.

This leads to a dilemma of choosing between liquidity and higher interest rates, when investing in Fixed Deposits.

FD laddering comes to rescue. The concept is very similar to rupee-cost averaging. The idea is to stagger the FD maturity over a period to get higher interest rates as well as access to partial amount of your investment at regular intervals.

Let me explain using a simple example. Consider an example that you plan to have around Rs 50,000 over 5 years of period say for your children’s education or down-payment of your house. But you may also fear that locking such amount for longer duration may not be prudent due to emergency needs. So instead of saving the money in 5 years fixed deposits, the strategy should be :

Invest 10,000 Rs in FD with tenure 1 Year

Invest 10,000 Rs in FD with tenure 2 Year

Invest 10,000 Rs in FD with tenure 3 Year

Invest 10,000 Rs in FD with tenure 4 Year

Invest 10,000 Rs in FD with tenure 5 Year

So essentially you staggered the investment across 5 years in different tenure. The advantage is that you get higher returns but also access to partial amount of your money at regular interval.

As the FD matures, you may decide to roll-over the FD into next 5 year FD.

In essence the advantages of laddering are

1) Lower holding period risk

2) Reduce interest rate fluctuations

3) Creates Liquidity

4) Provides regular income

5) Avoid pre-mature withdrawal penalty

Why you should NOT buy gold coins?

2010-10-10T15:05:00.003+05:30

[Picture courtesy Nii Noi]

Gold prices are hitting the roof as indicated by the current prices of INR 1909.71 per gram. The www.goldprice.org indicates the movement of the gold.

This may be a decade of increasing gold prices and an amazing CAGR of ~17%. The website accurately describes gold as

Gold has been called a "barometer of fear." When people are anxious about the economy - they turn to gold and bid the price up. Gold has the remarkable ability to store value in both deflationary and inflationary times.

In India, most people invest in gold through jewellery since that has been a traditional and safe method perceived by many households. But in recent times there have been many different means through which you can buy the gold, like gold coins, gold bars, gold ETFs, stocks of gold mining companies etc. As a consumer buying physical gold either in the form of jewellery or in the form of coins/bars is still prevalent over the EFT/Stock route, especially given the household trust over the local jewellers.

I have realized over the period is that buying gold coins is not a profitable proposition compared to buying jewellery or investing in ETFs. The most common mechanism to buy gold coins is either through local jeweller, but apart from that a lot of Indian banks sell gold coins. The Indian post office also sells gold coins and some of the nationwide sellers like Tanishq too sells gold coins.

The problem in buying gold coins are manifold, especially not in terms of buying process but if we look from an investment perspective.

Buying gold coins from non-reputed jewellers often pose the problem of gold purity. Typically in India you get 24 as well as 22 Carat Gold coins.

Buying gold coins from reputed banks and post-office incur a premium over the price you may get from local jeweller. The premium reduces your overall investment gain.

The biggest issue with gold coins is that banks/post-office does not buy back the gold coins and you have to sell it to local jeweller if you wish to en-cash it. The local jeweller will happily buy back your gold coin but with a significant reduction in selling price and sometimes also incurring a “melting” charges which could be totally random depending on jeweller. I have given 1.5-2% as melting charges.

Another issue is that if you buy gold coins at one local jeweller and try to sell at another (think of re-location) you again will get significantly lower charges. The local jeweller is willing to buy their own gold coins at current selling rate, but impose some or the other charge when the same purity coin is from other jeweller.

I have also faced the issue that most local jeweller will agree to exchange of gold coins if you are buying some jewellery from their shops, thereby deducting the coin value, but if you want cash, they simply refuse it. Also if some jeweller is willing to pay back in cash, there you have to accept a lower selling price compared to current market price.

It is also important to be aware of many cheats (including reputed jewellers) who can con you without you even knowing it. Here is a technique, some jeweller provide you with a nice packing of the gold coin (of the size of credit card), mentioning all the relevant details on the packaging. Since you would trust the jeweller and also since you are in a hurry (especially during festival seasons) you would not ask him to remove the gold coin from the packing and weigh it. I had the experience that when I wanted to sell it the jeweller opened the packaging and found it less in weight than what is mentioned.

So if you are looking for investment in gold, I recommend either buying a jeweller (some of the big jewellers are now coming up with no making charges) or to invest in Gold ETF, which are hassle free and more liquid compared to gold coins.

PRAJ Industries – Long Term Analysis

2010-08-23T19:12:00.002+05:30

Q1. What is the business of PRAJ Industries?

PRAJ Industries provides plants and equipments to the alcohol/fuel ethanol manufacturers, bio-diesel, brewery manufacturers. It also provides Industrial water and waste water treatment solutions. Apart from this, PRAJ provides bio-nutrients for e.g. Fermentation Performance Enhancers to boost ethanol production. Also, it provides Agro Energy consultation.

Q2. Does PRAJ Industries has identifiable durable competitive advantage?

PRAJ Industries addresses the need of the entire value chain for alcohol, ethanol and beer production. The company focuses on clean energy solutions, which has great future potential since the entire world is favouring the alternate energy security. The technical expertise and knowledge gained by PRAJ over the last 25 years along with significant investment in R&D will provide the necessary moat for the company. Also government policies all over world are favourable to the PRAJ business.

Q3. Does the company have high demand growth? Will it obsolete in next 20 years?

The alternate energy resources are being sought after by the entire world especially bio-fuels & ethanol based energy resources. The demand for energy is every rising and the traditional sources of fossil fuels are feared to be depleting very fast. PRAJ Industries get 50% revenues from domestic and remaining from world markets. Apart from the existing products, if PRAJ is successful in producing ethanol from non-food materials, that would make it a significant player in alternate energy resources. Hence from a product perspective the company should not only be existing but rising rapidly in the next two decades.

Q4. Does the company allocate capital exclusively in the realm of its expertise?

If we look at the milestones achieved by PRAJ Industries since its inception, it has judiciously utilized to acquire companies related to its business and to forge partnerships to gain market leadership in various countries. This is a good observation in terms of management focus on the primary business of the company.

Q5. What does the quantitative analysis of the company indicates?

Net Sales have been growing at more than 22% for the past 10 years except in last two years. The last two years were tough due to global recession and the issue existed with entire industry. The CAGR growth of Net Sales over past ten years has been more than 30%. It is a positive trend.

Earnings per Share have been positively growing within acceptable limits. Although last two years have been terrible with negative growth rate for EPS. The CAGR growth of EPS over past ten years has been closer to 50%. I am bit dis-appointed by this strange volatility. It is a negative trend but not alarming.

Return on Invested Capital have extremely positive trend with year on year growth of 15% or more. It is a positive trend.

Profit After Tax has good positive trend over the last ten years. It is a positive trend.

Debt/Net Profit Ratio has been almost NIL. It is extremely positive trend.

Dividends payouts have not been very exceptional, but they have been regular and consistent. This indicates the management willingness to share the profits but ploughing back the majority of earnings back into business. It is extremely positive trend for long term value.

My Fair Value Calculation has been :

Q6. What are the current or potential risks for the company?

Risks for the company involves the following:

The bio-fuel/ethanol business is mostly controlled by government in many countries and government laws may become hindrance.

Research into newer and viable technology to produce ethanol from non-food materials is an essential requirement. This Forbes article indicates the challenges ahead for PRAJ Industries although the article is very pessimistic about success of PRAJ Industries.

Competing with other companies in global arena will not be easy without significant research breakthrough.

Summary: I feel that PRAJ Industry is a good investment for next 2-3 years, but it needs to be seen whether PRAJ Industries can provide significant breakthrough in the research in these coming years. This will decide the fate of the company. The current stock is under-valued. The management has been prudent and focussed entirely on the primary business of the company. The management is capable and focussed towards optimal capital usage with organic growth. The business diversifications are also based on the current expertise of the company.

Disclosure: I have small position in PRAJ Industries at the time of writing.

Standard Disclaimer: The information contained herein is based on my analysis and up on sources that I consider reliable. I, however, do not vouch for the accuracy or the completeness thereof. This material is for personal information and I am not responsible for any loss incurred based upon it.

How to start investing in stocks?

2010-08-08T10:35:00.002+05:30

Starting investments in stocks is not easy, especially with recent market crash, it would seem more like gambling than investment. It is well known that the greatest stock market myth is that stock investing is a form of gambling.

This can not be more untrue.

Photo courtsety J Kelley

If you want to start investing in stock market, there is a great trepidation, because it looks extremely complex. There are so many terminologies like P/E ratio, dividend yield, bull and bear market etc which imply lots of learning new things. But still you want to start quickly, because everyone seems to be making good money from stock market, except you. You do not want to be left behind right!!

So how do you start? The first thing to ensure is that you have the temperament (essentially patience and hard-work) for direct stock investing, since not everyone is cut out for it and if your are not made for it, then it is not necessarily a bad thing. You can invest in other avenues like mutual fund which can give you exposure to stock investment.

Okay, so you still want to directly invest in stocks! Great, so let us get started step-by-step on how to start investing in stock market.

Trader Vs Investor

I discussed about this in my earlier post comparing with the analogy of trader, with housing agents and investor, with end-user of a house. In short,

Trader: A trader will buy stock and sell it within a very short time to make quick profit. A day-trader tries to do this with-in a single day, while a swing trader tries to do it across several days predicting the “swing” of the stock market.

Investor: On the other hand an investor puts his money for buying a business rather than looking for short term profits. The short term for a investor typically ranges from 2-3 years with an eye on 5-10 years of investment. As Value investment guru, Warren Buffet says

Our favourite holding period is forever.

I assume that you chose to be an investor rather than a trader. So how to start investing in a stock for long term investment?

The first key principle to keep in mind is that you should equate investing in stocks to buying a house property. The stock investments need similar amount of hard work and patience that you would do for buying that near perfect house in a near perfect locality at a reasonable price with a reasonable expected growth of the price of the house. So when you invest in stocks, it takes hard-work and patience to find a near perfect stock at a reasonable discounted price with a reasonable expected growth of the price of the stock.

Step-by-Step guide to start investing in stock market

Step 1: Get yourself a demat account. The simplest way is to call up your bank, who would surely help you in getting you a demat account. You can also visit your bank website to get details. For example, ICICI bank provides the demat services.

Some more details:

Demat account can be thought of similar to your saving bank account but instead you can keep your stock shares into the demat account. There are only two depositories in India (NSDL and CDSL), but to make it easy for you, they have many depository participants (similar to bank branches) across India. Also most probably your bank will be one of them and hence visiting your bank is the simplest way to open a demat account.

With a saving bank account, you take the pain of deposit/withdrawal of your money, but with demat account you need a broker (who is member of the stock exchange) who can buy/sell shares on your behalf. Almost all banks who offer demat services would have mechanism of assigning brokers (most would open a brokerage account as well). When you visit a bank for demat account, they will by default also open a brokerage account for you with the bank so that you can buy/sell the stocks. Keep in mind that brokerage services are not free and every broker will charge you some amount for brokerage.

There are hundreds of companies/banks offering demat/brokerage services, and it is very difficult to choose the best. The choice is typically based on brokerage fees and how frequently you intend to transact in stocks. If you search Google, you will find lot of people comparing brokers in India, for example, check this link for one such site.

My recommendation: As a long term investor, the actual brokerage charges can be recovered over a period of time and hence you should choose your bank (where you have saving account) for the demat account, since they can link your bank account, demat account and brokerage account all in one. Once you learn more, you can change your broker.

Step 2: It is important that you find yourself a mentor, be it a friend, relative or even an online blogger whom you have read consistently for a long period. Tipguy is one such person. A mentor typically is a great resource who can act as a springboard for you to enter the chaotic world of investing.

Step 3: Learn through the help/demo, about placing orders from your stock broker. It is important to learn the various terminologies used while buying stocks before you start your investment journey. As an example, the long term investor is looking for “delivery based” option, which imply that the shares needs to be delivered to the demat account. Also whether you want to place a “market” order (implying using whatever market price of the stock at buying time) or a “limit” order (transaction happens only if the market price satisfies the given limit). Here is how ICICI order page looks like:

It will take some time to understand these various terminologies and you have to be patient and get help from your mentor to learn these things.

Step 4: Now that you are all set to start your journey, you need to find the right stock to buy. This step is the biggest step since it involves:

Understanding your goals of investment
Understanding and accepting the risks involved and potential gain
Learning to short-list the types of business you want to invest
Learning to analyze the business to find potential winners as per your goals and risk profile
Putting your money into the near perfect business stock
Reviewing and re-analyzing your investment over a period of time.

The problem in executing Step 4 is at multiple levels including the chaotic environment created by millions of stock related websites, newspapers, magazines and the media channels. Some tips to execute Step 4 are listed below:

Read, Read and Read the excellent investment books. For e.g. The Little Book (Rs 189 only), The Dhando Investor, The Intelligent Investor (Rs 509), The New Buffetology. Also read excellent blogs like Tipguy, Jago Investor, SubraMoney, Value Investor, InvestingValues.

Learn to separate the wheat from the chaff. Learn to skip the various emotions generated by the media related to market crashes, specific company issues etc. It is important to be aware of the latest happenings but also important to not get carried away by it.

For at-least two years, invest only that much amount which you are willing to loose entirely. Think of this money as a course fee you are giving for learning stock investing.

Invest only in minor amount, never with big amount in single shot. Although most value investor talk about “big bets in small number of stocks”, to begin with you should invest “small bets in small number of stocks”. I recommend not investing more than Rs 10K for the first two years and not more than 4 stocks. In the meantime you should read, read more and understand and review your investments.

As Warren Buffet says “Wide diversification is only required when investors do not understand what they are doing”, so keep in mind, not to invest in more than 4-5 stocks while you are still learning and as your confidence and understanding grows you can devise your own mechanism of investing and you may remove this restriction.

Also learn not only to buy, but when to sell as well.

Keep in mind that similar to buying a house, there is no need to time the market for buying stocks. It entirely depends on available cash with you, the goal you have in mind, your risk profile and available stock at appropriate price that you are willing to pay.

Stock buying is a very subjective matter and depends on the requirements of the person buying, so never put your money just because someone else has done. It is much better to donate the money to a charity than buying stocks based on hot tips.

Failed to file Income Tax by the deadline, so what!

2010-08-02T22:10:00.002+05:30

These are taxing times, especially since the Income Tax filing deadline is so near. In case you don’t know the IT-return filing date has been extended till 4th Aug 2010. So there is still hope that if you could not file the Income Tax return by 31st July, you have few more days to go.

It is said that “There are only two things in life which are inevitable : Death and Income Tax”. If death comes calling there is no escape, but fortunately there is some breather if you fail to file your income tax by the deadline.

Picture courtsey Jeremy Brooks

So what really happens if you fail to file the IT-return by the due date (4th Aug this year)? So IT sleuths are not coming to your house, nor you will be put in the jail or be asked to pay heavy penalty. Actually, nothing significant happens if you fail to meet the deadline, so do not panic at all.

When it comes to filing your Income Tax returns, the tax laws are not so stringent. Let’s first understand the terminology:

Income Year: The year in which you earn income. This year’s income you are liable for tax.

Assessment Year: The year in which you need to file the return or assess your income. The assessment year is next year of the Income Year.

Case 1: No Net Taxable Payable

Net Taxable Payable is any tax after the TDS/Advance Tax paid. In such case, there is no penalty for filing tax return till the end of assessment year.

For example: Income Year: 2009-2010 Assessment Year: 2010-2011. So if you fail to file IT return by 31st July 2010, you can still file it by 31st March 2011 without any penalty. Anytime, after that you need to pay a penalty of Rs 5000

Case 2: You have some Net Taxable Payable

If you have some Net Taxable Payable, the only difference with case 1 is to pay an additional 1% per month penalty on the Net Taxable Payable.

For example: Income Year: 2009-2010 Assessment Year: 2010-2011 Net Taxable Payable = Rs 1000. So if you fail to file IT return by 31st July 2010, you can still file it by 31st March 2011 with penalty of 1% per month on Rs 1000. Anytime, after that you need to pay a penalty of Rs 5000 + 1% per month on Rs 1000

In case you have any losses to carry forward, you can not if you do not file your IT return on the due date. The only exception is the losses due to “Income from house property”, which can be carry forward irrespective of whether you filed your return on due date or not.

It is known that IT department has started some random check on taxpayers (computer randomly selecting a taxpayer). The IT department can ask the taxpayer for proof of various income through investment, fixed deposits, stocks etc.

Consequences of not declaring miniscule income

So what happens if you “forget” to declare those small miniscule income like Fixed Deposit Interest or Bank Interest? For e.g. you accumulated an interest through FD/Saving account interest and fail to declare it to the IT department, with Rs 1000 as tax payable pending. In that case:

1) You are liable to pay a penalty of Rs 1000 – Rs 3000 (100% – 300%) of the tax not declared.

2) The interest on Rs 1000 @ 1.5% per month simple interest from the due date of tax filing to the date it is discovered that you missed declaring the income tax

3) If by adding this undisclosed income, you change the tax bracket (e.g. if your declared income falls on the border of 20% bracket and when adding this new undisclosed income you fall in 30% bracket), then additional penalty is applicable.

The interesting aspect is that most people file through CAs or Online tax websites or tax consultants. But when the above case happens with you, then you can not blame any of these agents. You and only you are entirely liable for such missing from IT return.

So don’t consider IT return filing as just another formality, take extra care to ensure it is error free.

Value Investing!! What's the secret?

2010-07-18T16:53:00.002+05:30

The term “Value Investing” has been used and abused to such an extent that it confuses a lot of people. I have realized that “Investing” itself bring so many emotions and thoughts varying from gambling to luck to fear of losses and greed to earn quick money.

The amount of money involved is directly proportional to the seriousness of your emotion. The core principle of “Value Investing” requires emotion-less behaviour from an investor. But with so much of chaos surrounding us and TV/newspaper screaming at an extreme pitch about the “sensex” that emotions are bound to arise. If you ponder a little bit, you will realize the similarity of emotions generated by sex and sensex, the UPs and DOWNs, the fear and greed are similar, along with bringing similar sensational news in the media.

I have understood that most people who invest in stocks and looking for quick bucks rather than sustained growth over a long long period. This single biggest greed makes the stock investment risky and volatile despite the millions of theories and re-search in understanding the stock phenomenon. It needs to be repeated in our mind that “nothing in this world is free” and applies to stock investments as well.

It is important to distinguish between “investing” and “trading”, since although both involve buying/selling company stocks, but the key difference is your intention of getting involved. I would rather think of it as a difference between “buying a house for living” Vs “brokering a housing deal”. In both the aspects you would investigate a house property, buy/sell it but the intention is different. When you brokerage a housing deal, your intention lies in pocketing the brokerage amount rather than finding an ideal place to live for your customer. This is exactly similar to “stock trading”, where you are not interested in whether the company is worth investing based on it’s potential as a “lambi race ka ghoda” (long term value). As a trader you would not even care whether the company would exist even after a month. As a housing broker, would you care if the house you sell gets destroyed after one month of your deal? Surely not, with the brokerage you earned, you would be using that money to do more such sweet deals. Same with stock traders.

So what about stock investment? You would agree “buying a house for living” is a different ballgame than just being a broker. When you think of buying a house, you would spend so much time visiting the builders, visiting the sites, reading reviews, acquiring knowledge about buying (what is super built up area, how much is stamp duty etc etc). When you want to buy such a house, you would really care about the quality of the house, how much appreciation it will provide in long long time (not few months/1-2 years) and you would certainly wont invest if you get to know that the building will not exist after 10 years.

How many housing brokers you know compared to people who bought their own houses? The ratio will definitely be skewed towards people who own their houses. So it is for sure that handling a brokerage business is not everyone’s cup of tea, but this same principle people forgets when investing in stocks.

It is extremely hard to understand that the very same people who will spend so much of energy and time in buying a house for living into it, do not spend even half of that time in thinking of investments in stocks. They would rarely hesitate to put their hard-earned money into that “hot-tip” they received from friend or a magazine.

The simple reason for such behaviour is that most people do not think of stock investments as “investment for life” which they think about house investment.

The similarity between buying a house and stock investment is hard to ignore since have you seen people investing in 10 or 20 houses in a single shot, but they would not hesitate to invest in more than 20 stocks at one time.

The biggest point to keep in mind when investing in stocks is to think of “buying a business'” (similar to buying a house) and to think of stocks as an “asset building” activity (similar to buying a house) rather than a mechanism to make quick bucks. It is a myth to think that any retail investor can earn astronomical returns in a short period of time. So instead of wasting time/energy in pursuing those hot tips, read-read and understand the stock market and the philosophy you want to pursue to get decent returns. Warren Buffet has said this ”Read everything you can. Read, and then on small scale do some of it yourself. ”

If you want to be a value investor, stop watching CNBC/Bloomberg on a daily basis.

Web Hosting Fraud and how to be cautious!!

2010-07-10T13:30:00.004+05:30

I have been mulling over moving this blog to a self hosted website. The thought came to me after seeing many awesome blogs as self hosted (like chandoo or tipguy blogs). The flexibility and control provided by self-hosting is immense (see 10 reasons to self-host a blog) and I felt it could be like moving one step further in terms of my blogging interests. Although there are people who are very popular online without any self-hosting blog (Rashmi or Rohit) but for me I thought let me research a bit on self-hosting before I move this blog.

So I started searching and found a super beginner’s guide for starting your own website. I realized that essentially I need two things:

A Domain Name [Similar to say Company Name]
A Web-Hosting Subscription [Similar to Office Space for rent]

I searched and found that there are literally millions of companies providing both the services with variety of choices, options, features, claims and rates. Also to confuse you further there are several websites providing the top 10 web hosting company lists. And after reading so many websites on how to choose the web-hosting companies if you could manage to choose some company, and if you search about the review of that specific company, you will find that there are equal number of positive and negative review comments, leaving you totally exasperated.

But the worst is yet to come. After all this (apart from sending emails to some folks like chandoo or find who-is information about popular self hosted blogs), I zeroed on to BlueHost web hosting company. I ignored the review comments and focussed on least price hosting company (I felt like gambling and thought let me taste the world of self-hosting). The one thing good about BlueHost is that they give the domain name registration free and the domain name is registered in your name. A lot of companies cheat by registering domain name in their name and then it is difficult for the customer to move away from them. Imagine you want to start a company and when you ask an agent to register the company, he did register in his name rather than yours. It amounts to blatant cheating, but who reads the “Terms and Conditions”.

One such cheating I came across when I tries to sign-up with the BlueHost company. Before I entered the credit card details, I decided to click on Terms and Conditions.

I was shocked to realize that once I enter the credit card details, the BlueHost can charge me on recurring basis unless I go and tell them not to charge. The terms indicate that all responsibility lies with me and they are legally free to charge me, if I fail to inform them that I no longer want their services.

When I searched the other hosting options, every single provider has the same mechanism, which virtually ensures that you stay with them forever. A recurring payment (also known as a 'continuous payment authority') is an automatic regular payment which is set up using your debit or credit card.

The biggest problem with recurring payments is that only the company can stop the recurring payment and you can not. So if you have to stop the payment, the onus is on you to convince the company to stop the payment. The company may put additional conditions or charges for cancellation of such recurring services. The worse is that sometimes it may not be easy for you to get the company to cancel the recurring payment.

The other aspect of recurring payment is that the company keeps your credit or debit card information on their systems for charging in recurring fashion. This may lead to privacy issues

BTW, if you think you are smart ass and can cancel the credit card to prevent the recurring charges you are wrong, since that makes you liable for legal charges by the company whom you have authorised for this recurring charge. Also if you try to tell the bank to stop payment to the company, bank will only act if you can prove that you did not authorise the company and it is a fraud. In any other case bank is obliged to honour the recurring credit card charges.

The only option for you is to work through the company by going through the cancellation policy that you probably did not read while signing up.

The one option that I think can work is to use virtual credit card (for e.g. HDFC NetSafe) which allows to create a virtual credit card with a chosen limit and validity. The other option is to use a pre-loaded card for such transactions which has a limit of transaction that you have pre-loaded. But be aware that this does not free you from the legal binding about accepting the recurring payment. It only ensures that the company has to chase you for the next recurring payment and not you to stop that recurring payment.

My Advice: Whenever using credit card (typically online), ensure to read “Terms and Conditions” specifically looking for recurring payment and cancellation policy.

As for my self-hosting journey, I need to find a company who will accept just a one time payment and do not force me to enter a recurring payment mode.

Infrastructure bonds: Some caveats

2010-02-28T19:18:00.003+05:30

The budget this year was a low-key affair, at least from the political arena, it is just the petrol prices that is causing some stir. So apart from the tax slab changes, that brings more money into pockets of salaried employees, there is additional tax saving investment avenue that is proposed in this year’s budget i.e. infrastructure bonds.

What is announced?
The government has allowed a deduction of up to Rs 20,000 on investments in long-term infrastructure bonds. The deduction is in addition to the Rs 1 lakh allowed under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.

What are infrastructure bonds?
These are bonds issued by government and the fund collected is utilized to bolster the infrastructure projects

What is the income tax section under which deduction can be claimed?
The investment of upto Rs 20,000 can be claimed under section 80CCF.

How much can I save?
Not much and here is the caveat, the maximum investment that can be claimed for deduction is Rs 20,000 and if you fall in the maximum tax bracket of 30%, then the maximum you can save is just Rs 6,180 in a year.

Is this a new great thing done by the Finance Minister?
Not really, the tax deduction for investment in infrastructure bonds was available till 2005 under section 88 (but within the limit of 1 Lakh), but 2005 budget scrapped individual investment limits and created section 80C where you can invest in any tax-saving avenue in any proportion. The only new thing here is that now, the investment in infrastructure bonds is in addition to the section 80C exemption.

Why it is added back with such a small limit?
Well, here is another caveat. The infrastructure bonds are a low-risk investment and hence does not yield very high returns (7-8%). So with stock market showing master-blaster performance, most people started investing in equity linked saving schemes and the investment dwindled in the infrastructure bonds. This step is probably to bring back the interest in these bonds.

What are the other caveats?
1) It is still not clear if the private companies will be allowed to issue these infrastructure bonds.
2) The budget mentions that only “long-term” investment in infrastructure bonds quality for tax-break, but fails to define the “long-term”
3) The interest earned from these bonds is not tax-free (the older section 80L, which provided such tax-free interest had already been scrapped earlier)
4) The interest earned from these bonds may not be anywhere spectacular, due to it being a less-risky investment.

What do you suggest?
So, it may not be prudent to invest Rs 20,000 for “long-term”, which provides you a return of mere 7-8% interest rate (with taxable interests) with providing just a meager tax-saving of Rs 6180 per year. I would suggest a wait and watch policy, till the clouds get cleared on this new announcement. Since anyway the investments will only qualify from next-year onwards.

Time Value of Money

2010-02-14T19:41:00.001+05:30

You must have heard “Time is Money”, but do you know what is Time Value of Money? No… then blame the economists. I guess economists love to twist the common sense language into incomprehensible mumbo-jumbo to confuse the common junta.

(Picture courtesy Sam Fox) Okay, here is another way to look at the this terminology: If you are offered 10,000 INR today or after one year, what will be your pick? Easy, huh. Only a nut-head would choose the later. But why? Well because money “NOW’ can be invested to earn more money later, or it can be utilized right now for any material gratification or who knows what will happen one year later!! What-ever the reason, everyone attaches some “time value” to the money.

There are basically two reasons why people attach time value to money :

Possibility of growing the money over a period of time
Possibility of purchasing less in the same money over a period of time

This simple concept becomes extremely complicated when we start applying this to practical situations. Here are some examples, where this concept is utilized:

1) How much is the present value of 100Rs paid after a year?

2) What is the monthly payment of a mortgage of Rs 200,000 at annual rate of 6% for 10 years?

3) If the investment scheme promises 10% annual interest, in how many years my present money of Rs 100 will get doubled?

4) In a different way,how much rate of interest should a scheme have if I need to double my money of Rs 100 in 5 years?

5) If I invest Rs 1000 for 20 years at 7% rate of interest, what is the final future value discounted back to its value today?

6) You are planning to retire in twenty years. You'll live ten years after retirement. You want to be able to draw out of your savings at the rate of Rs10,000 per year. How much would you have to pay in equal annual deposits until retirement to meet your objectives? Assume interest remains at 9%.

7) If you get payments of Rs 15,000 per year for the next ten years and interest is 8%, how much would that stream of income be worth in present value terms?

8) How much would you pay for an investment which will be worth Rs 60,000 in three years? Assume interest is 5%.

9) You are considering the purchase of two different insurance annuities. Annuity A will pay you Rs16,000 at the beginning of each year for 8 years. Annuity B will pay you Rs12,000 at the end of each year for 12 years. Assuming your money is worth 7%, and each costs you Rs75,000 today, which would you prefer?

10) You deposit Rs17,000 each year for 10 years at 7%. Then you earn 9% after that. If you leave the money invested for another 5 years how much will you have in the 15th year?

All these and many more questions can be answered correctly if you understand the concept of time value of money. If you are mathematically inclined, visit the wiki page or check out this video.

Superman syndrome

2010-02-14T15:49:00.001+05:30

I came across an interesting term called “Superman Syndrome”. [Picture Courtesy: frazer4eos] If you try to google the term, you will be surprised by the lack of single concrete definition. You may find many books with title containing this word, but not a single definition. But each definition essentially contains a similar idea which imply:

“the concept of a supernatural ability, desire, drive to outdo and to overcome.”

It is not a positive term but rather connotes a negative meaning implying the exhibitionist attitude of a person busy in showing off and satisfying other people’s desires eventually working so hard that the person looses important things in life.

"Life is what happens while you are busy making other plans." --John Lennon

I looked back and realized that many times in the past I have done one of the following:

1) Insisted on paying entire bill for friends at coffee shops

2) Bought cloths just because others think they look good on me

3) Purchased those expensive high-end cellphones when I went with friends, just to show-off

4) Purchases lot of junk items just ahead of guests coming, since this may impress them

These are all behaviors of “Superman Syndrome", which essentially made me do things that are not based on prudent and realistic decisions but an attempt to satisfy other people's expectations and desires. But I was still fortunate that I did not spent large amount of money on buying house or that expensive four-wheeler just because I can impress friends, but many do.

If you have done any of these or are still doing it, then you need to be extra careful and really need to think about why you are spending money on satisfying what other's value?

I have heard of many people complaining about busy lives, late night conference calls, 24X7 email/phone connectivity and hard life with this new information age. The entire idea is that "control of you life will come from within you", so getting out of superman syndrome is most important task you will do for yourself and your family.

Robert Kamm writes in his book "The Superman Syndrome: Why the Information Age Threatens Your Future and What You Can Do About It,"

"the Superman Syndrome is a dangerous workplace success formula that forces men and women to leap tall buildings and outrun speeding bullets -- at the expense of personal lives, families, children and even business productivity. This represents a major hypocrisy implicit in nearly every boardroom in America: The belief that we should be accountable to work but not to our families."

Whether you spend money or your personal time or energy to satisfy what other people value most is surely a suicidal tendency towards life. If you are trapped in superman syndrome, take some concrete steps and hard actions to come out:

Actions to save your precious time which can be spent with family

1) Keep in mind that you do not need to answer that every email

2) 24X7 connectivity does not imply getting addicted to emails and social networking

3) Work in an "interrupt mode" rather than "polling mode" with information high-way.

4) Keep aside minimum non-negotiable 4-5 hours of quality time everyday with your family, friends and kids

5) Celebrate a "no-gadget" day every week or at-least every two weeks.

Actions to save your hard-earned money

1) Keep in mind that you do not need to pay the bill every time you go out with friends

2) Limit yourself to spending not more than say 1000 Rs for impressing others, rest all purchases should be your value based.

3) Promise yourself to take that shopping list before going out for shopping and sticking to it.

4) Find other activities with friends that leads to least buying (e.g. jogging in park, going to library etc)

5) If your friends expect you to buy things for you, get new friends

6) Share "Superman Syndrome" and its effects with friends and family, spread the word and awareness

You will get, what you genuinely want. It is never too late or too early to ask for good life.

Buy Vs Rent

2010-01-24T17:34:00.002+05:30

Tarak asked me

Don’t you think that staying in a rented house for long run (say 5 yrs) means waste of a huge amount. If you take 10k INR per month as rent for 5 yrs, then you are spending (5*12*10000) 6 lacks INR for nothing. Please share your view in this regard.

I think this is purely a quantitatively defined advantages of buying a house. This comment was prompted by my earlier posts on Why I think we should not buy a house? A quantitative study is important since it can help us provide valuable inputs before taking any significant decision, but should not be the only input. Consider this graphics (calculator is here).

You can do all sorts of calculations and try to predict which option, buying or renting a house, is better. But I think this is an absolutely wrong method of taking this important decision. There can not be one pill for all diseases and hence just thinking quantitatively can not be a solution for everyone to consider buying a house.

The Rent Vs Buy decision is far from just a simple financial calculation that most people get into, and it should be just one aspect of a well qualified decision.

A qualitative decision needs to keep every aspect of your life-style, both now and in future, with different priorities for each person. Here are some of the

1) Stress : Buying a house is never easy (building your own is much worse). As a tenant you can choose to end your tenancy at any point in time, but when you have issues in your house, either you have to keep adjusting or you need to go through the pain of selling the house and buying another house. If you are on a home-loan, the pain is tripled.

2) Freedom: As a tenant you are free of responsibilities, but as a owner you are not only financially but psychologically occupied. The psychological factor is extremely subjective and may vary from person to person.

3) Financial Imprisonment: It is said that you should not put more than 40% of your income into home-loans EMIs. In the world of uncertainties, job-losses and un-steady income it is a big investment and long term commitment which will certainly robe you of financial freedom. The money spent on home-loan EMI is tied up and it is not easy to access that money in case of emergency. As a tenant, you have more access to your own money and can be saved and spent with more financial freedom. It is a personal choice to become a grumpy old man with a large mansion who lived all life in financial constraints versus a happy man currently living in a small flat but who enjoyed all life with whatever money he earned. Also I am not disillusioned person who thinks my kids will be staying with me, when they grow up, in this house that I own when I be old.

4) Career Ambitions: I have heard of lot of folks, who entered executive MBA programs after 10-15 years of job. They use it as a springboard to boost their careers and ambitions. I also know lot of folks, who could not follow such career choices simply because they are tied up with their home-loans. Same goes with taking up another job in a different city or even in the same city (think of travel in cities like Bangalore and Mumbai), and people want to take up a job near their locality. If you have a house, you are definitely living in some constraints.

As I mentioned in my older posts as well that do not buy a house just because everyone is buying or it quantitatively it makes sense, think of other qualitative factors that can impact your life. Also buying a house taking home-loan is NOT an investment. An investment typically means, you want to grow your surplus money and not restricting your freedom to gain a white elephant. Here are the conclusions I wrote in my earlier post

Conclusion:

Buy a house for living it in you old age.

Don’t expect your children to stay with you (unless you keep them dependent on you)

Don’t just buy because everyone is buying, think long term, where you want to settle in your old age. Timing and location are extremely important.

Buy a house which you can maintain. In old age, it is difficult to spend huge money on maintaining big house. Security is also a concern.

There are so many investment avenues other than house, think about that. In old age, big house won’t help, but surely the life long memories of your world travel can help. Spend money to enjoy life, and not to get imprisoned by the enormous house loan burden. Strike a balance.

Keep accumulating small portion of money and buy a house when you are in your forties. At that age, your will be at the peak of your responsibilities, you can have your priorities clearly laid down.

If you have loads of surplus money, then only buying a house makes sense as investment.

Please Vote for GIVE Foundation

2010-01-20T13:27:00.001+05:30

As per the GIVE India Website “GiveIndia is a NGO that raises funds for the poorest of the poor in India by helping you donate money to 200+ trustworthy charities.”

Chase Community Giving is having a facebook competition for voters to select the charity that will receive $1 MM. Please vote for Give India.

It actually took me less than 5 minutes to vote. These 5 minutes may make a significant difference to some people.

Please check out the video

Why can’t we handle Personal Finance properly?

2009-12-19T22:22:00.001+05:30

I came across this post from Ranjan asking “why can’t we handle Personal Finance properly”? The reasons he mentioned sounded very superficial to me; they are just shallow in my opinion (with all due respect to Ranjan).

As per my understanding, “Personal Finance” implies detailed analysis of financial flow of an individual at various point in time. Please carefully note that Personal Finance is not synonymous to having knowledge about stocks quotes, mutual funds, insurance or pension policies.

The single biggest reason why we can not handle personal finance properly, is because from childhood we are never taught to think about money in that fashion, making us believe that it is a materialistic entity that is just a means to satisfies our immediate material needs.

How many people remember their first lesson in personal finance or handling money given to them during childhood? I remember, the first time I was given money (it was 10 paisa), which I could independently spend, I rushed to the near-by kirana store to buy that juicy candy bar. When was the last time your parents tutored you on personal finance and importance of setting financial goals? (I am not talking about parent pestering for buying property etc). Also whatever limited parental advise that most youngsters receive regarding personal finance is based on their personal experience at burning their hands with specific financial tools.

In India, at the least, I’ve never heard about creating personal financial goals from my parents and I have not met anyone whose parents told them about it. In effect, people start accumulating their debts and then the financial situation blows out of proportion. I guess, they themselves never heard about it from their parents and did not find it important enough to be delivered to their off springs.

The biggest confusion among most people regarding financial planning stems from the fact that:

They fail to understand their financial dreams
They fail to prioritize and reach their dream financial goals
They fail to learn and make the strategies either individually or using some professional advisor to achieve their goals.
They lack the persistence to transform their dream goals into reality by executing and re-aligning their strategies.

And this confusion is carried over from them to their next generations and generations. Unless people realize that managing personal finance involve setting goals, creating strategies to achieve those goals and sticking to it, Personal Finance will remain an arcane and unmanageable subject.

Legal Guide For Indian Bloggers

2009-12-14T00:10:00.002+05:30

I came across an astonishingly detailed guide for US bloggers on the legal issues that a blogger can face due to various acts. It clearly mentions that the guide is exclusively for US bloggers since there is strong constitutional protection for speech. I tried to search a similar guide for India and failed to find anything useful. With the advent of social networking, blogs have become an extremely viral media, so apart from the financial risks of social networking, there are definitely legal issues for any public dissemination of information including blogging.

(Picture courtesy Over the Top of NY)

India has been typically laggard with respect to cyber laws, not only in implementation but unambiguously defining it as well. One of the biggest reason I would assume would be that law makers themselves may not be able to keep pace with the fast changing technology. The first indian IT law was introduced in 2000 called the IT Act 2000 [Summary Slides from IIT-M - PDF]. This act was further modified in 2008 The Information Technology Act 2008.

The pertinent question is “Why blogging cause legal issues?”. The problem is the extremely viral nature of blogging, since it has now become more ubiquitous with millions of people getting influenced by what they read on blogs.

I would provide you a real world analogy. Let us say you bought a product from Company X, unfortunately it turned out to be a junk and useless product with not keeping up to the promise that was given before you purchased. You go to the customer care or their office and nothing happens, no-body listens to your complaints. But instead of “chalta-hai” attitude you decided to tell it to few of your close friends and let them be warned about it. It is still fine with the company, but now imagine you called up a public meeting and started talking about your rough experience with the product. Initially there might be just few of your friends but slowly hundreds and thousands of folks joined your meeting and started getting warned about the junk product and the pathetic customer service from Company X. That is illegal, you just de-famed the Company X.

This is exactly what happens when you blog. You are disseminating information for public consumption which can have significant influence on people either in their behavior or opinions about something. The first indian blogging controversy happened for exactly same reason.

It is so difficult to read through the mumbo-jumbo of legal laws, as Mark Twain rightly said

Only one thing is impossible for God: To find any sense in any law on the planet.

So how do bloggers (just about anyone with internet connection can become a blogger) keep themselves safe from the legal wrangle? Here are some simple DO’s and DON’Ts that will help any blogger to avoid cyber law (typically applicable to Indian bloggers):

When in doubt about any post violating any legal law, just don’t publish it. It is better to be safe than to be sorry.

Do not write “hate messages” against popular personalities especially political people, you might get caught by police like Nitin Sajja from Hyderabad or Rahul Krishnakumar Vaid from Gurgaon.

Do not write “derogatory remarks” against organizations which Ajith D learned the hard way. A similar tamasha was done by Shiv Sena for anti-Shivaji Community on orkut (TOI 1, TOI 2, Rediff 1, Rediff 2, NDTV, Financial Express). Some of the interesting articles that criticize these are by Amit Verma and Sevanti.

The ultimate expression of a government’s lust for power lies in a term coined by Orwell in 1984: thoughtcrime. Thoughtcrimes are thoughts that have been criminalized, and if the technology to detect emotions existed, It is not unlikely that the Indian government would ban hatred. Or, at least, hatred of things that it deems should not be hated.

Do not write negative comments about any religious personality, deity or organization.

Do not criticize any company’s products or services. You may not like the product or services but publicly criticizing it for spreading the word is not the right way. If you absolutely have to do it like a review of a book or movie or mobile phone, please put a disclaimer mentioning these are your own personal thoughts with no legal liability on you. Defamation is extremely complicated subject in the books of law, and so is proving your innocense.

Do not post pornographic material including anything slightly sexually explicit (especially pictures or videos). It may be just a fun video or fun pictures for you, but it can hurt someone’s sentiments and hence an absolute NO NO.

Do not publish any confidential information from within your company. I would suggest do not post anything related to what you do within your company (unless you own the company and want to promote it through blog). Any information on what you are currently working on or what are the future releases or any inside information say company want to layoff people or planning to acquire any organization, absolutely everything is confidential. This information is typically governed by trade secrets which are complicated.

Do not plagiarize. If you copy paste the text from another website or you copy that beautiful picture or video without the consent from the original author and publishing it without providing the link to original source, then you are plagiarizing. One of the biggest and innocuous way of plagiarizing is to search that image you need from Google Images or Flickr and put it in your post without bothering about copywrite issues. You should only use legal pictures from flickr or any other website for your blog posts. Also it is illegal to edit the pictures or videos (removing watermarks or just any editing action like cropping) that you downloaded without permissions and then publishing it. Note that small actions can lead to copywrite violations.

Do not publish any data, numbers, figures, charts that you do not own. Always reference to original source from where you found the data. If you do not have the original source, stop and do not publish it.

Do not share private information about anyone you know without his/her permission. So you went with your girl friend on that famous beach and posted those pictures without asking her, think again. You just gave your friends contact details or wrote that caustic remark providing private details of the person you hate, beware you are surely violating privacy laws. I would advise not to even post edited pictures of film celebrities.

But if fate decides to screw you, it can not be avoided similar to when it caught Lakshamana Kailash and what he got is 50 days with 200 under-trials at Yerawada Jail, finally ending with a “sorry” from Police and Airtel.

Read some more interesting posts like “Bloggers and Defamation” and “Restricting Freedom with Excuses of Responsibility” on this issue. Here is an interesting video on this subject.

Please note that this list is not exhaustive (and definitely not legally scanned and is not a substitute for legal advise) in nature but just the common sense approach to avoid any legal issues. Just to be on safe side, here is the disclaimer, that this list does not guarantee avoidance of law-suite due to material published by you, so I would not be liable for any damages :-)

Credit Card Visual History

2009-12-09T14:57:00.001+05:30

Source: The Big Money

The first credit card was created, as you would guess, due to an embarrassing situation faced by Frank McNamara, while eating out at a restaurant. When the check arrived, he realized, he did not brought his wallet. This gave birth to Diner’s Credit Card.

Then came the BankAmericard from Bank of America. The earlier versions were flimsier and hence American Express came up with first real plastic credit cards.

Then came the credit cards with all its variants since various players saw a great business opportunity.

Check out the The Big Money for the entire pictorial history of credit card.

Another interesting video that presents how the American credit card industry became so pervasive, so lucrative, and so powerful.

This is a video from Frontline - “Secret History of the Credit Card (2004)”.

I could not find the history of credit cards in India, but it looks like that Central Bank of India, launched the first credit card in India called “Centralcard” in the year 1980.

It would be interesting to know if we can get hold of the picture of the first credit card that was launched in India. Anyone?

Super Tips to increase your debt

2009-12-04T19:28:00.001+05:30

Yep! you read the title correctly. So you want to live your life King Size, in a royal fashion with the meager amount of salary that you earn (peanuts huh..). Here are some of mind-blowing tips to spend you money faster than you can blink your eyes:

Never read money saving posts or weblogs which may contaminate your mind towards efficiently managing your personal finance. These are evil!!
Spend more than you earn. This is not the “common sense” approach, but who needs any sense, common or uncommon. And if you are struggling to meet your ends every month, then you are just about learning this art. Keep it up.
Never pay your bills on time. Would a royal king in older times, bother himself engaging in such mundane tasks, like paying those insignificant telephone or electricity bills on time? It is for those mere mortals, who would setup email reminders or use those large desk/wall calendars with sufficient space to write notes and remind themselves of paying up these irritating bills, month after month, on time, thereby saving those tiny-miny amount on late fees. Such money-saving tips are a kill-joy for living life royally.
Never worry about emergency fund. What is the use of the money lying idle when it should be running around with you in shopping malls. Some crack-pot websites urge people to keep six months of expenses as emergency funds Why should you worry about keeping such a huge amount, since you will never get hit with any emergency. Those nasty accidents, job-loss (Job loss insurance, OMG) or sudden illness happens only to others and not to you. So why bother about emergency funds?
Never pay-off your credit card debt. You should keep a poster of John Biggins of the Flatbush National Bank of Brooklyn, New York and make him your GOD, since he invented credit cards. This is the greatest invention of man ever (forget fire, wheel etc). I bet that humans would still love credit cards even if it would have been invented during the stone age. Why credit cards are so addictive:

You do not need to think, how much your bank balance is, just think how much credit card balance exists on credit card. It makes it so easy to remember, even if you never done any math subject in your life.
Also credit card companies are know to be generous enough to increase your credit card limit over the period of time sometimes without intimation. But isn’t it a pleasant surprise to suddenly find, during an impulse buying that your credit card just worked when you thought the limit has been crossed.
You can have as many credit cards as you want with so many flavors and banks. Just look at in India and you have so many choices of type of cards.
RBI has so many regulatory rules for credit card issuing banks that you are very safe. It has been seen on so many occasions that credit card companies flout these rules and also charge exorbitantly, but these are just small blemishes spread by the enemies of credit card industry. Here is an example on how credit card companies make money.
Buy on credit card and pay a meager amount monthly. This is called revolving credit and it is a revolution. Some people try to scare you with revolving credit maths, like this, but you can safely ignore such realities.

Let us take a simple example. If you are spending Rs 30,000 every month and repaying half of it, you end up spending Rs 3.6 lakhs in 12 months. You pay back Rs 1.8 lakhs and owe the bank Rs 1.8 lakhs. But what the bank wants back is 40,000 rupees more than what you've spent...and keep this going for another year…this will become a runaway figure...On the same amount of Rs 30,000 spend, if you take it really easy and pay back only the minimum due, that is Rs 1500 a month, you will owe the bank Rs 2.3 lakhs. The bank will demand back, Rs 3.5 lakhs back from you and that’s Rs 1.2 lakhs more than what you've spent. Keep compounding this and you can fairly figure out where this could go.
Credit card can get you cash from ATM if needed, what if they charge so much extra on cash withdrawals, think of the flexibility.
Credit cards also offer rewards to customers (see here and here), although very few people diligently and consistently try to re-deem those reward points. But isn’t it so nice of credit card companies to offer rewards, which we do not redeem even when it can lead to significant saving, but that is just a small niggle. It is a supreme gesture from credit card companies.

Impulse buying is the name of the game. We are talking about folks who are obviously above “roti-kapada-makan”, the basic necessities of life. So what good your money would be if you can not spend it when you feel like buying something. It is separate matter whether the thing you buy has any real value in your life but why worry about it? If you got it, flaunt it and if you haven’t got it, credit card will help you flaunting it.
Planning your money is insane. Why waste time and energy into something which is inherently unmanageable. If big companies like Satyam or Dubai World can not manage it, how would you? As you must have heard that “Money is the root of all evil”, they why keep the evil with you or try to manage the evil, get rid of it as fast as you can and you will be happy. So turn deaf when you heard words like tax-planning, investment, saving, retirement planning etc. You obviously want to turn religious during old age in post-retirement life (to repent all your life’s sin) rather than having crores of evil roots with you.

So if you follow this advise, this is a sure-shot way to leading a luxurious life. The one lifetime you have, live it King Size.

PS: This post was written in humorous jest, so if you seriously follow the advise, you would not have enough money even to sue me for wrong advise. So get real and serious about your money!!

Is peer pressure leading you to debt?

2009-11-24T23:39:00.001+05:30

[ Source ]

Your friends and peers influence your life. Wikipedia explains that

Peer pressure refers to the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values, or behavior in order to conform to group norms.

Peer pressure often starts at very early stage in life and it never stops. The term “peer pressure” has come to connote a very negative thing (as the cartoon above indicates), but it can be a significant positive force also. (example1, example2)

There is no doubt that everyone needs a peer group to act share one’s emotions and feelings. But, the problem begins when one starts changing their behavior or act according to peer group, just to remain “fit” in the group. This is also a very common complaint from parents, when confronted with un-acceptable behavior from their children.

The most vivid memory that I have of dealing with peer pressure is during my college days. I come from a poor family and it can be easily seen from my cloths or my bi-cycle wherein my classmates used to come dressed up impressively or in their two-wheelers/four-wheelers. I felt extreme pressure to match up but never had the money, and so I could never “fit” or got accepted into the peer group.

I recently shifted to a new apartment (just few months back) and started interacting with my neighbors, and I realized that there are many folks who have a habit of “showing-off”, making them prone to financial debts. So their wives will sport an iPhone, spend Rs 2500 on window-shopping randomly every week, esp on apparels (and despite that they dress shabbily), keeping a full-time servant, chauffeur (without any real-need) or commuting daily by cabs (wouldn’t it be cheap to own a car) or spending evenings in lavish restaurants (I know for sure that these are not their company paid facilities).

The motivation for these actions is not any real need but peer pressure to fit in the group. If we are surrounded by people who are rich (or showing-off that they are rich), then we would also feel the need to upgrade our cars, cloths or throw lavish parties. The whole problem with why we succumb to peer pressure is because we feel the need for acceptance.

Peer pressure can lead to significant waste of money and it's not just ourselves who we have to worry about. If you have a partner or children you'll also suffer financially whenever they come under peer pressure. So at one end you may want to reduce your monthly expenses but on the other hand you may be forced to spend unnecessarily on useless things just to satiate your family’s emotional needs, so they be part of some crappy peer group.

It is extremely difficult to fight peer pressure, since it can come in from variety of ways:

Keeping up with others in terms of buying big cars or expensive plasma TVs or mobiles
Impressing your girl-friend/wife/in-laws in terms of expensive gifts to justify your love or caring not only to the concerned person but also to everyone in your peer group.
One of the biggest pressure for newly married folks comes in the form of this question, “So where are you going to honeymoon?”. Most folks will burn-out their entire saving just to mention that they went to Singapore/Bangkok (crowded place) rather than an idyllic Kerala/Darjeeling.
Buying bigger houses just because everyone in their peer group has bought a house. This is especially true in Bangalore, since most people coming here are in some kind of strange hurry to own a house. It is termed as “biggest investment of your life”, even if it turns out to be crappy decision. I totally oppose it.
Sending their kids to expensive schools (I was aghast when I got to know that my neighbor’s one year kid goes to a school whose fees is 15 lakhs a year) or throwing a totally unnecessary lavish party as a show-off. How can a one year kid distinguish whether his birthday was celebrated in a high end restaurant or their own house? The consolation given by parents – I want to give my kid the best I can afford. Duh.

So how to handle peer pressure and how to stop yourself from bleeding financially? How to stop accumulating debt by resisting peer pressure? Here are some pointers

Stop worrying about what “others think about me”. Others are probably busy thinking the same thing and don’t have time to think about you.
Trust your own instincts rather than following the herd. If you are convinced about your choices and reasoning behind them, then stick to it. You can only decide what is best for you. You should have the confidence in what you believe and the boldness to stand for it.
Recognize peer pressure. If you are trying to spend money on something, ask yourself critically, as to why you are buying it. If you really need it, then only go ahead with the purchase.
Be absolutely clear about your monetary priorities and be honest discussing it with friends. Remember that everyone’s priorities will be different, so there is no “one fit for all” solutions in financial world.
If some friends are just putting pressure despite your resistance, then ignore them and find new friends. A friend who does not care about your opinions is not worth friendship.

Remember that if you don’t want to get under any peer pressure influence, try not to put anyone (especially your friends) into it as well.

Financial Risks of Social Networking

2009-11-22T21:45:00.001+05:30

There has been a huge spurt in the social networking sites and the number of people addicted to it. If you just look at the Facebook statistics, it is mind boggling, check the screen-shot below

Facebook has more than 300 million active user (note that these stats might be a bit out of date since these are not dynamically updated). It is also estimated that young people are more attracted towards these social networking sites, as indicated below

These networking sites are great, but with the number of users growing enormously, the end-user is getting exposed to so many risks. It is growing like a jungle, where at each turn, you may encounter someone sitting with a trap to get on to you.

How many user, who subscribe to Twitter or Facebook actually read the privacy policy while signing-up? As an example, Twitter recently updated its privacy policies and I doubt any of the current user even knew about it. (Here's a link to the updated policy and a link to the old policy.) The twitter policy is way much simpler and easier to understand than say Facebook’s policy. It is extremely difficult to wade through this mumbo-jumbo of legal terms, so probably even if someone brave enough tries to makes sense of it, will fall flat on his/her face.

You would think, why someone should actually read or bother about these policies. Google has warned about privacy issues on social web in a paper [PDF] presented at the Web 2.0 Security and Privacy 2009 workshop.

There are multiple aspects to the risks associated with social networking sites and privacy is just one of them. The risks ranges from someone hacking into your profiles to the risk of infantilizing the human mind.

One of the significant aspects of privacy on such websites like Twitter is the website utilizing the data generated by their users. There is absolutely nothing from legal standpoint to prevent this usage. These types of applications are not that far-fetched, given reports of tools to analyze someone's social network and assess their credit worthiness ("Rapleaf") or psychological profile ("TweetPsych").

But how would these lead to financial losses (which is the main focus of this post)? Well these social sites can lead to huge financial losses to the users by

Making you loose your job, similar to Heather Armstrong or @theconner
Making you loose your insurance benefits similar to Nathalie Blanchard.
Data misuse after hacking your personal information including degrading your credit rating.
Making you have legal liabilities for using trademarks with-out following the rules. You may use some trade-mark symbols/names into your own merchandise (like this) or your website.

So it is extremely important to keep your eyes open about these risks when interacting socially. Any data that leaves your computer can come back to haunt you.

How to reduce your monthly expense?

2009-11-21T13:22:00.001+05:30

I recently got a stealthy email from my a very good buddy. The content of the email was crisp asking me for some 15,000 Rs, he was short this month and needed to pay-back someone. I helped him out, but it got me thinking why he got himself into such a situation. He is earning decently (I would imagine around 20 Lakh PA), do not have any family responsibilities (all his sisters are married off) and just has one kid.

As per me, this is definitely not a good sign when you have to borrow from your friends. I am not against borrowing money, after all friends are for helping you out, but it should be for a genuine reason.

Why so many educated people fail to manage their personal finance?

The single underlying principle for managing money is

Make your expenses lesser than your income

Is this so difficult to understand, that to save money, your expenses should be less than what your earn. Yet, I find so many people struggling to maintain this equation, eventually letting themselves buried into debt.

So how exactly we should implement this in our daily life? How to spend less and save more? How to reduce expenses? The answer lies in getting into “good financial habits”. If you are single, you need to develop these into yourself, if you are married you need to share these thoughts with your spouse and inculcate these within both the partners. It is more difficult with kids, if you have any, but once these become part of your family, it will go a long way in helping your children in their lifetime.

Here are some great techniques to reduce your expenses:

Start on 1st day of the month and every night note down all the money you spent that day. You can do it as a combined list of family (preferable) or you can do it separately for each family member. I assure you that this is extremely painful to start with since it wont bring any immediate relief but do it diligently without fail. Note down every detail of what you spent through cash, credit card, online purchase or any other mechanism. Also note down the channel you are paying through. You can use some software on your desktop or mobile to keep track of you expenses or use just a plain paper

You can also use application like this for iPhone

Once you have this list (the hard-work has to give you some benefit) ready, then it is the time to walk through it and arrange the items in following categories
- Must-Haves like rent, electricity bills, food bills
- Emergency Purchases like medicines,
- Casual/Impulsive Purchases like clothing, mobile phones, books, eating out etc
- Social purchases like gifts
- Useless purchases
Then, go through these monthly bills or recurring expenses and see if there is something that you really need. For example do you really need to buy these costly books every month or you could just subscribe to a near-by library in your locality. I have actually reduced these expenses in my budget (I am a voracious reader). I used to buy books/novels worth more than 20K per year, this is exorbitant (not only in terms of buying but also in terms to keeping them, I spend more when I have to relocate since these books make those so many extra cartons). So I joined one of the local libraries and I have reduced by expenses to mere 1K per year along with gaining immense variety of books. There are hundreds of such expenses that you can cut-down without sacrificing your living standards or the returns in terms of value that you are getting.
Some of the expenses can be saved just by tweaking your daily habits. You would be amazed that simple habits like switching off lights, fans or chargers can provide significant savings. We did that by switching off chargers or TV switch (not just switching off from the remote, but actual switch). These have given me a saving of as much as 100 Rs per month on my electricity bills (i.e. 1200 Rs per year). It may sound like too much pain for saving such miniscule amount, but think of it as serving to the society, doing this in the larger interest of the country. You can install CFLs instead of those big bright tube-lights or don’t run those geysers only when needed and not for long period. These are non-renewable energy and such saving by millions of people can be simply huge.
One of most effective tip that I use consistently is to store my all credit cards in least accessible places like in the locker or a suitcase which is stashed away. The idea is not to keep credit cards at places where you can quickly pick up before going to a shopping mall. I also have a credit card with a credit limit of not more than 10K, this helps me to gain the real advantage of credit card (use it to so that you don’t need to keep the cash with you and useful during emergencies). So why keep those other credit cards with huge credit limits? Well they would be useful when I want to travel or for making those big purchases so that I can convert them into equated monthly installments with a small fee or to get those discounts at specific services (e.g. I get one ticket free when I buy two movie tickets on a ICICI platinum cards in PVR cinemas).
Never buy on impulse, one of most crucial principle for money saving. The entire idea of those glitzy shopping malls and front displays is to attract the consumer and make him buy impulsively. Some people justify that impulsive buying is good sometime since you can get good bargains. I absolutely dis-agree, impulsive buying can never be good. What is the definition of impulsive buying:

An impulse purchase or impulse buy is an unplanned or otherwise spontaneous purchase. This can metamorphise into a serious disease.

So if the purchase was not planned, it means the consumer actually do not need it and hence even if the product is free, it is a bad bargain. So it brings to another point is that when-ever you go on shopping make a list of items that you intend to buy and just stick to it. No additional purchases should be made even when it is so much necessary (it will automatically inculcate better habit of planning ahead more carefully for the next trip)
I recently got invited to a birthday bash of a 1 year kid from my neighborhood. I was totally amused that how a 1 year kid would know at-all the difference between a small @ home birthday party vis-a-vis a lavish party in a fancy restaurant. It was an absolute useless expenditure and it was coming from the urge to show-off (I have loads of money or I care for my child etc etc) rather than a genuine focus on the child. I would rather invite only kids with their mothers in a small party at home, since seeing so many kids playing around will probably be more entertaining for the kid.
Un-clutter your house, because clutter saps energy and money. Christopher Lowell says “Clutter is dandruff on the shoulders of your room”, so don’t give excuses for not de-cluttering your life. You need to get rid of “can’t-get-rid-of-that-because-it’s-valuable” gene, it is so harmful. check out this 9 Tips for Decluttering (Zen Habits)
It is important to give up those harmful habits like cigarettes, alcohol or drugs. These not only save money in short-term, it also saves money in long-term by improving your health and reducing medical bills over the years. Invest that in a gym or personal improvement programs.

At every step in your life, while dealing with money, keep in mind that “Expenses have to be lower than what you earn”, and even after so many efforts in reducing your expenses you are hitting the debt, then it is time to look for earning more. That would be of-course another post.

Job Loss Insurance

2009-09-12T13:01:00.001+05:30

Job loss always hurts, but people find ways to make money out of other’s misery. I knew about job-loss insurance being available in other countries, but recently it got introduced in India. So insurance companies are now willing to pay EMIs in case of job loss.

Under the cover extended by ICICI, customers will get their three EMIs paid in case of a job loss due to retrenchment or layoffs. Moreover the job loss due to the closure of a division because of poor financial condition or action taken by any public authority resulting in the closure will also be covered by the insurer.

Can a job-loss insurance give you a piece of mind after a job loss? I have my doubts!!

Excellent Article – Holes in the Ground

2009-09-12T13:00:00.001+05:30

I earlier wrote about “why not to buy a house” (Part-1, Part-2). But I recently came across an excellent write-up from Deepak on a more balanced approach towards buying a house. He writes scathingly on the way builders cheat the prospective buyers:

Typical deals are: you sign on a piece of paper looking at a hole in the ground. The builder promises to give you a "ready" house in say three years. The apartment size is shown to you and the "amenities" you will get, like a swimming pool, a tennis court, water to drink, air to breathe etc. You then get a bank loan for 20 years for some part of it, and the rest will fall in place.

The most eye-opening was the youtube video by a Unitech buyer who got really pissed-off by the way the company delivered the house. This reminded me of one of my friend who purchased a flat (~1700 sq. feet) near Sarjapur Road at the exorbitant price of Rs 2350 per sq. feet. The worst it is located not on the main road, but almost 3-4 KM inside. He recently shifted with not even the compound wall completed (no question of amenities in place yet). It was shocking and I have begun to agree more so with Deepak that the best buy for a house is the one that is either “ready to move” or “second hand purchase” :

But I'll pay well to get a ready house: if I'm buying for emotional reasons I would rather not have the worry and pain.

So true!!

What to do on getting Pink Slip – Concrete Steps

2009-03-02T20:14:00.001+05:30

One fine morning, you reach office and your manager says “Let’s talk”. You suddenly get hundreds of thoughts because these are tough times. Your manager (depends on how he handles it) gives you the pink slip. The first reaction is of-course the DENIAL. This could not be happening to me. Here are the things you should do on getting the pink slip:

Keep in mind that pink-slip does not indicate you incapability or incompetence. This is extremely important to realize as quickly as possible, since self-confidence will open hundreds of other doors for you. A pink slip just indicates employer’s incapability to either keep you employed or to fit you in the organization. Period.
Relax take a deep breath and discuss with your manager about

Severance Package
Other Policy details related to lay-off
Thank your manager and ask him some contacts

Call up your friends in office (if allowed to meet, do meet them), discuss the situation and make sure not to let people show mercy for you. Ask them for their help/contacts (note down their personal email address)
The biggest mistake people do is not to discuss the lay-off with their family members (spouse/parents/kids). A family is meant to provide the moral support needed in the hour of crisis and here is one. So don’t be hesitant, you have not failed them, rather it is just a phase, so discuss it openly with them. Don’t be ashamed to talk about it and the reason for the lay-off, it helps them to understand your problems as well as a way for you to out-pour the frustration.
Take a day or two off with your family and try to forget and think about it. Over-speculation on “why you” will lead to more frustration rather than getting any answers. It is really worthless to discuss/think on why you were chosen. Instead give your mind some peace, so as to deal with the crisis in a pragmatic manner.
Usually it takes 1-2 days to finally sink that you have been fired. In those 1-2 days, thoughts fly at jet speed and the more you try to think or sort out, the more confuse you become, hence it is very important to take these initial few days as a vacation. It is difficult, but extremely important.
Now start focusing on the financial aspect of your lay-off. It is not at all difficult and you need to keep telling yourself and your family that world is not about to end, rather this is the time for all family members to come together and provide inputs on how to handle the financial situation. What to do:

List down your hard cash (at home, in banks, FDs etc)
Do not touch the long-term investments, so don’t even think about them.
List down the monthly expenses to extreme detail (include for e.g. toothpaste expense per month)
Strike the items which can be done without (e.g. dining out, movies etc)
The remaining list will tell you how much monthly money you need and how much cash you have will indicate how many months you can survive without earning.
List down the loan EMIs, credit card balance to be paid etc. These are the items which will cost you the most. And these are the items you seriously need to re-think on “how to get rid of them”. Make sure not to panic and start offloading everything. Give yourself 1-2 months and see if you can get some job.
Do not even think of using credit card or personal loans to tide the expenses. This is the time to reduce your debt and not to increase it.

Start updating your resume. Also call in your contacts and start sending the resume. You can also search on google for some consultants or job search websites and upload your resume. Simultaneously, start refreshing your basics for any interview call. You need to be prepared for any sudden interview calls and give your best shot.This is the time when your networking helps you a lot.
It is also important to understand that all work is good, just because you were earning a handsome salary of 1 Lakh per month doesn’t mean that now earning Rs 20000 per month on part time basis is a bad idea. The only thing important is that you are earning back as quickly as possible and the temporary job you are getting into is aligned to your field. As an example, if you were a software engineer, following jobs can be a good idea:

Software consultant on part-time basis
Teaching SW Engg in a college/training institute as a visiting faculty
On-line software development projects or finding other genuine ways to earn money online [like documentation or creating SW training materials etc].

You can even encourage your spouse to take up the temporary job (if he/she is not working) while making yourself available for the house-work.
If you really ever thought of starting your own enterprise, this is the god-given opportunity. This is the time to take risk, since you can’t be worse off.
Most importantly you need to be patient while searching for job and you have to have confidence on your own ability. Keep finding the doors which can lead you out of the crisis, it does exist!!

Stock Market FAQs

2009-01-26T20:23:00.001+05:30

What is a share?

Shares/Stocks are document which allows the holder to own a part of the company. This is an important definition, holding/buying a stock is just not holding a piece of paper (or in electronic form) but it is like owning a part of the company.

Why companies sell shares?

Any company is initially owned by a single promoter or joint promoters with unlimited liability. The term unlimited liability implies that if the company goes bankrupt, the promoters are totally liable. Sometimes the company is owned by group of people (promoters & non-promoters) with limited liability. The term limited liability implies that the owner’s liability is limited to their contribution to the initial capital.

When business expands, the owners decide to raise money. There are many ways to raise money, one of which is to approach the common public allowing them to own some part of the company for the money they will provide.

What is the difference between debt and equity?

Debt: Similar to normal public borrowing from banks (loans). When companies issue debt instruments, they want to borrow money from specific investors or in general public. This is different from equity which is borrowing money by selling a part of the company ownership

Debt	Equity
No company ownership	Part of company owned by holders
Company legally bound to pay interest (similar to loans)	Company may or may not pay dividends (not called interest since it is not decided/declared)
High preference over Equity owners	Least priority

What are primary and secondary markets?

Primary Market: The public buys the issue directly from company e.g. IPO (Initial Public Offering)

Secondary Market: The public (investor) buys the shares from other investors e.g. normal share trading (on NSE/BSE)

What is Fixed priced Issue and Book Built Issue?

When a company decides to go public, it wants to float the IPO. This is essentially the first time the company shares will be sold and part of ownership given away to raise funds. So what should be the basis to decide the price of the initial offering?

Fixed priced Issue: The company decides the initial price of the share (taking the help from experts) and it is mandatory for the company to disclose in the IPO documents about the various factors that are being taken to fix the particular price. The price is fixed.

Book Built priced Issue: The company uses the free market to determine the initial price offering based on the supply and demand of the proposed shares. In essence, asking the public (taking bids) to decide what is the price they are willing to pay for the share.

What is Face Value, Price Band and Cut-off Price?

Face Value: It is the value of the share printed on the share certificate. It is normally Rs 10. The importance of the face value is only for the company, in terms of the accounting entries. The actual value or price of the share is usually higher than the face value (the difference is called the premium).

Premium = Market Value – Face Value

The money generated by selling the shares of the companies are not entered in the same place in the accounting books of the company. For e.g. if the Face Value = Rs 10, Premium = Rs 90, hence the actual price that the company received for one share is Rs 100 (Rs 10 + Rs 90). If the company floated say 1 Lakh shares, then it actually received Rs 100 Lakh by selling those shares. In accounting books however, it will write :

Equity Increase (by selling shares) = Rs 10 Lakh

Reserves & Surpluses = Rs 90 Lakh

There are obviously benefits of doing this. Face value is also called Book Value and more information can be obtained from the wiki page.

In a Book Built Issue, the promoters/owners of the company decide a price range within which the bidding can happen. This is called price band. The final issue price decided by owners after the book-built process is called cut-off price.

What is Red-Herrings Prospectus?

It is a preliminary registration statement that must be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission or provincial securities commission. It describes the issue (IPO) and the prospects of the company.

LIC Jeevan Aastha – An eye opener article

2009-01-21T22:15:00.001+05:30

Sandeep Shanbhag wrote an excellent eye opener article on LIC’s Jeevan Aastha. I am just re-reading it and admiring the author’s penetrating eyes to get the essential out of the marketing mumbo-jumbo.

Jeevan Aastha is a fixed-return investment plan that would offer a return in the range of 6.75% to 7.25% p.a in most cases.

Mutual Fund Tracking

2009-01-06T20:18:00.001+05:30

Chandoo created this excellent Mutual Fund excel sheet that act as a simple Mutual Fund tracker. The USP of the excel sheet is that it fetches the MF NAVs from the website and uses that to track your funds. The problem with the excel sheet is that if you have subscribed to MF Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) then it is difficult to use the mutual fund excel sheet. So I modified the excel sheet to add your SIP investment tracking too. Here is the modified excel sheet. Here is a screenshot :

Here are the steps to use the excel sheet:

Select the name of MF from the drop down list
Enter the start date of MF SIP
Enter the starting units (as of held today)
Enter the amount per month

This will immediately give you the results for your portfolio. (Make sure to refresh the NAV sheet for latest NAVs).

You just need to open the excel sheet everyday. It will compare the today’s date with the MF SIP start date. If the date matches, it will automatically update the Units field (by using the today’s NAV and amount per month).

Satyam Crisis – What is there to learn?

2008-12-21T18:27:00.001+05:30

One of the significant quote from Benjaman Graham’s Intelligent Investor is that “Every stock has a company behind it!!”. The biggest proponent of value investing, Graham intends to change the way investors look at stocks. The primary aspect of Graham philosophy is to invest only in companies that you know.

This implies that “Assessing Management” is one of the primary aspect of study before investing in the company. An investor need to evaluate the credibility of the management. While it is important to establish the credibility of management based on what they have delivered in past, but most of the time an investor gets influenced by the image created by the media of its CEOs or promoters. So while “Reliance” is good and the image of Ambani Brothers may be excellent, it is important to look at, what the management delivered for each of the Reliance companies.

This fact is highlighted by the recent Satyam fiasco. Satyam planned to buy two real estate firms Maytas Infra and Mytas properties with 1.6 billion $. The chairman of Satyam, B. Ramalinga Raju justfied the buy saying

Stating that it is part of its plan to de-risk the core IT business in times of recession, Mr B. Ramalinga Raju, Chairman of Satyam, said the combined entity would help face the challenging environment and uncertainty in the market.

This raised suspicion among investors not only in terms of buyout giving significant benefits to the promoter family but also in terms of valuation of Maytas, causing Satyam to drop the acquisition plans.

Byrraju Ramaling Raju has been a well-known and renowned name in the field of Information Technology, receiving lot of awards. Just seaching for B. Ramalinga Raju gives you enough information about the person and the media report will cause you to believe that the person have impeccable credibility. In fact Satyam received “ Golden Peacock Global Award for Excellence in Corporate Governance”

The honor is especially relevant given that corporate governance best practices are considered key benchmarks by stakeholders who evaluate corporations. In fact, their importance is magnified in difficult economic environments.

If we just look at the stock price of Mytas Infra and Satyam on 16th Dec,

16th December	226.55 (Satyam)	481.00 (Mytas Infra)
19th December	162.00 (Satyam)	246.00 (Mytas Infra)

The dates are important since 16th Dec evening, the news was officially announced of a Satyam buyout of Mytas. This can be significant if we see that stock prices of most of the infrastructure and software companies are going down. This essentially gives a feeling of insider trading!!

The biggest learning for a value investor is that

Do not just bank on the big names in the industry, but to assess the management, go into the details of how much the management has delivered in the past years.

Some interesting reads on this:

Dilbert – Financial Markets Explained

2008-12-16T12:57:00.001+05:30

This is absolutely hilarious. Scott Adams writes on his blog:

Think of financial theory as a stool. The stool is supported by three legs, or truisms.

History always repeats.

Past performance is no indication of future returns.

Asshats are trying to steal your money.

These three truisms can explain any financial phenomenon. For example, if your financial advisor suggests that you invest in a market bubble that is about to burst, he will explain that the past is no indication of future results. Just because a Price/Earnings ratio of 45 has never been sustainable in the past doesn't mean it won't be perfectly safe in the future.
And when the bubble bursts and you lose half of your money, your advisor will explain it's because history always repeats. In other words, he's an asshat trying to steal your money.
This stool also explains the housing situation. Financial experts knew that making loans to hobos had never been a good idea in the past. On the other hand, past performance is no indication of future returns. Maybe this time would be different. Then history repeated and asshats stole your money. As a bonus, they even stole each other's money this time. You have to admire their thoroughness.
One last thing you need to know: People who say it is a good time to invest are called bulls. The bulls are at the center of all financial problems.
In summary, if you want to understand financial markets find a bull and look at his stool.

Best time for car buying is, now !!

2008-12-14T16:49:00.001+05:30

I recently went for a car upgrade and realized that “now” is the best time to buy or upgrade your car. If you have been thinking about buying a new car or even upgrading your existing car or even buying a second hand car, Dec – 08 probably is a bonanza month for getting a handsome deal.

Here are some of the reasons why December this year is better:

Dealer Discounts: December is the month, when car sales usually drop. A typical consumer wants to buy a car in Jan since that changes the model year of the vehicle in expectations of higher re-sale value. This year due to the economic downturn, the car sales have already hit badly, hence dealers are trying to push sales aggressively to reduce the inventory. So you can expect huge discounts on all ranges of cars.

Government Fiscal Stimulus Package : To provide some boost to the automobile sector which is hit by falling sales this year, government has announced a 4% excise duty cut. As per reports :

Maruti Suzuki India (MSI), the country’s largest car maker, announced it was cutting prices effective from midnight. “We are looking at passing on the entire benefit to the customers. We shall be cutting down prices in the range of 3.5-4% from midnight and most of our vehicles will be cheaper by that percentage,” MSI chairman R C Bhargava said.

This again brings huge benefit to the ultimate consumers.

Ease of Auto-Loan : With government trying to bring the repo rate down to ease liquidity crunch with the banks, it becomes easier for banks to provide auto-loans.

Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. Repo rate is the rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive.

This can bring the auto-loan rate by 1-2% and makes the loan easier on the consumer pockets.

When I walked into the Sagar Automobiles (Maruti showroom on B.G. Road), I realized that almost all vehicle prices are down by a huge amount. For example, a typical WagonR Lxi which was priced at around 4.1 lakhs on road, now coming at 3.6 lakhs on road. If you already own a maruti vehicle and want to upgrade you can bargain for more discounts. Also the loans are coming cheaper with SBI giving a loan at 11.75-12%, while private banks at around 13% (which might be reducing further). BTW another reason to cheer while buying a car is the reduction in petrol prices. Also there is talk of privatizing the petroleum products (Petrol and Diesel), and if that happens, the prices are about to fall further. Consumer is the king for now!!

Mystery of Dividends – Stock Vs Mutual Fund

2008-12-11T22:26:00.001+05:30

I was talking to a friend about dividends in stocks and he suddenly came up with “What are dividends in mutual funds?”. I said it is different. Here is the answer:

Stocks : When an investor purchases a share of a company, he is essentially owning some part in the company. Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders. When a company earns a profit or surplus, that money can be put to two uses: it can either be re-invested in the business (called retained earnings), or it can be paid to the shareholders as a dividend. A dividend payout typically indicates that the company has confidence in earnings growth and sufficient profitability to fund future expansion. Also for investors, it makes sense to earn that extra income for investing in the company, rather than waiting for the share price to rise up to get the profit.

Mutual Funds : When an investor purchases units of Mutual Fund, he is essentially contributing to the mutual fund corpus (similar to thousand others), which the MF will invest in various shares. The price at which these units are purchased at any particular time is called NAV. The problem with mutual fund NAVs is that when a mutual fund declares dividends, the NAV is affected.

For example, say for an XYZ mutual fund scheme, the NAV today is Rs 50. If the mutual fund declares a dividend of Rs 2 per unit. So if an investor has bought 100 units, he will get Rs 200 as cash. The problem is that this immediately reduces the NAV to Rs 48 (Rs 50 – Rs 2). Hence essentially the investor’s remaining worth has been reduced by Rs 200.

So whatever profit an investor has made due to increase of NAV, MF has given some part of it as cash back to the investor and called as dividend. The net worth of investor remained same, just that he has received some of it in cash.

Value Investing

2008-12-08T20:24:00.001+05:30

I was talking to few of my office-mates and realized that out of the team of forty, just ten had exposures to equity (shocking??) and only three-four have demat account and actively trade in stocks. It is not the effect of the recent meltdown, but despite the euphoria that existed just few months before about Indian stock market, lot of people still are stuck with traditional investment/saving plans.

I guess the real reason is the fear of loosing money. I usually do not blog about stocks, since I do not believe in giving recommendations of buy or sell. But for a normal investor, it makes sense to involve stocks as a part of his investments, but it is also important to make it part of long-term strategy rather than thinking short-term.

When I talked to few people, I realize that people want to invest in stocks because:

I want to get quick returns (with few months, I can double the money etc)
My friends are investing and so I should too
I has some lump-sum money, some relatives/friends suggested to invest in stocks.

Most of the retail investors have wrong expectations from the stock market, especially after hearing of friends, relatives earning big bucks from stocks.

It is important to understand that “Nothing is free in life” including returns from stock-market. The people who have earned those handsome amount, have either burned their fingers earlier or have spent lots of time on understanding markets and investing in smaller amounts.

Nobody got instant money from stock market without hard work.

Investing in stocks requires a disciplined approach. One such approach is what is called Value Investing. In simple terms:

Buy stocks which are priced below it’s intrinsic value.

The approach to finding “intrinsic value” is by determining the fundamentals of the company. It is a balanced approach involving analysis of data involving the company. There are lot of books available on the topic (e.g. this book), but “The Intelligent Investor” by Benjamin Graham is considered as the bible of value investing (you can get an e-copy on ensips here, but may be illegal). There are lot of excellent forums for beginners or experts on investing in Indian Stock Markets like Traderji or Equity Desk (an excellent post by Basant on Equity Desk). I am currently reading the book and may do a review sometime later.

Terrorism Insurance

2008-11-30T19:16:00.001+05:30

Mumbai was attacked by terrorists like never before and it is being considered as the biggest terror attacks on Mumbai.

No one has yet estimated the amount of damage suffered by the Taj and Oberoi Hotels. I saw the picture of Harbour Bar at the Taj Hotel in the Times Of India, it left me speechless, here it is :

Any terrorist attack can cause significant damage to the property. Insurers typically have a risk analysis for any events before they provide cover for it, but I do not think there was any risk analysis ever done for terrorist attacks. The same applied to the 9/11 attack on US. The insurance companies in US post 9/11 stopped giving insurance against terrorist activities.

After September 11, 2001, many businesses were no longer able to purchase insurance protecting against property losses that might occur in future terrorist attacks.Addressing this problem, Congress enacted the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 20021 (TRIA) to create a temporary program to share future insured terrorism losses with the property-casualty insurance industry and policyholders. The act requires insurers to offer terrorism insurance to their commercial policyholders, preserves state regulation of this type of insurance, and directs the Secretary of the Treasury to administer a program for sharing terrorism losses. The three-year program that TRIA created backs up commercial property and casualty insurance, covering up to $100 billion each year after set insurer deductibles. The government pays 90% of insured losses over the deductible, with the insurer paying 10%.

A similar thing might happen with insurance companies in India, with so many terrorist attacks happening frequently. So before buying any insurance, it needs to be ensure that the policy covers damages due to terrorist activities. This is more true for the businesses. So few months back, TOI reported increase in adding terrorism insurance by people in India. It is a sensible move and should be done by everyone.

Surviving Layoffs - Financially

2008-11-11T20:05:00.001+05:30

We are certainly looking at a global slowdown in economy. With it comes the layoffs. I was discussing with one of my wife’s friend who is in retail industry on “Why during a recession the axe first falls on junior employees?”. If the economy is real bad, then only the senior management (upper layer) is targeted. Economically, it makes sense (if we are talking about purely cost-cutting) to reduce the management layers than the one at the last rung in the ladder. How many believe that removing upper layers will break the hierarchy and lower levels would be difficult to manage? May be, the answer depends, on which level you are currently working !! But, laying off at lower layers gives an impression of cost-cutting, spreading cheers among the shareholders.

Another thing which I hate, when company goes through rough patches, is the lack of clarity among employees, which comes from the top. Usually, no one is clear what will happen! Instead if the company openly communicates the state of the company to its employees and then does a pay cut (instead of firing), it will make more sense.

The fact is that no-one can escape the layoff/pink-slip in today’s uncertain times and hence it is prudent to prepare for it. One of the most important aspect of lay-off is the sudden loss of income (apart from the frustration and loss of self-esteem).

Here are some tips that might help you survive (or even blossom) during these tough times:

1) Severance Package: Some companies have a fixed policy of how much severance package is given out to laid off employees. For example, my company provide the gross income for (one + number of years of you service) months. So I just completed two years, and hence if I get the pink-slip, I will get (one + two) = three months of gross salary. It is important that you find out what policy your company has, since sometimes the package can be negotiable. This means, if you get more, you can survive more months without job.

2) Reduce Debts : Yes, it looks like a common sense. If the income is gone, the expenditure has to go down. But the point here is that if you are still employed and the markets are uncertain, why wait till you get to hear you last day in company. Why not start reducing your liabilities?

Credit cards : One of the biggest enemy of a slowdown economy. If you notice carefully, some of the credit card companies have themselves started charging more from customers to battle the slowing economy. So pay off as soon as you can. Also just remove all those credit cards from your and your spouse’s wallet and dump it inside the locker.
Car loans : If you have that big car, the status symbol, which you brought when the economy was booming and you were the king, it is time to think it as a liability, a burden. Think carefully, can you switch to a lower car (Diwali times calls for a good deal while switching cars), else can you save enough to pay-off the loan, do it (even if you have to incur the pre-payment charges) .
Home Loans : You can not do anything about this, except that in really worst situation, you can
- Sell it, (but these times are not good for selling either)
- Rent it out (you can shift to some other rented apartment with a lower rent). Desperate times needs desperate measures.
Children education/marriage : Unless you are on the verge of marrying your child or sending him for higher education, you just have to find some source of income to handle the expenses.

3) Reduce Home expenses: If you already out of job or you feel that it might happen, try to reduce your daily expenses. No longer dinning out or take home calls or those late-night parties or expensive cuisines. Reduce the expense of travel, booze, visit to multiplexes and stick to only essentials. It might look like an overkill if you are still having your job, but reducing these expenses gets you into the habit (which you have lost over the period of time) and also it causes the saving of that money.

4) Emergency Funds : If you have created the emergency funds like liquid cash(FDs) and jewellery, try to utilize them at the very last moment. Break that FD or sell that gold jewellery only after you have cut down your expenses to bare minimum. If you don’t have such a fund, start thinking of creating it. The essential is a) three-six months of household expenses in liquid cash (Fixed Deposit is better) b)

To be continued …

What is Sub Prime Lending?

2008-09-18T19:53:00.001+05:30

Whenever any of the customer visits a bank asking for loan, every bank in India or abroad will ask for certain documents. These might vary from the type of loan to the various institutes. The main idea behind asking for documents is to ascertain the credibility of a customer from his/her credit card transactions or previous loan transactions and guess the background of customer’s financial capability.

In India for example, if you try to get a home loan, you are asked your salary certificate and other loan details. This will indicate the capability of a customer to repay back the loan and also is an indicator of the amount of risk a bank is taking on that customer. The bank earn by charging interest rate on the loan.

The sub-prime lending came because there are lot of demand for loans in the market and the laws were less strict in terms of whom to give the loan. Hence banks started giving money to customers even with poor credit ratings. This implies that banks took more risk (knowing that the possibility of the repayment is less) as per the history of the customer. This is done, so that banks can charge customers higher interest rates and can get a huge profits. The idea is that even if few percent loans get defaulted, you still can recover the losses by charging those extremely high interests.

Subprime loans can offer an opportunity for borrowers with a less-than-ideal credit record to become a home owner. Borrowers may use this credit to purchase homes, or in the case of a cash-out refinance, finance other forms of spending such as purchasing a car, paying for living expenses, remodeling a home, or even paying down on a high interest credit card.

There was also a lot of fraud involved in this sub-prime lending. Since a bank can charge higher interest and administrative charges on a sub-prime lending, they even started giving such loans to borrowers who were well with their credit history.

Imagine if most of the borrowers start defaulting on the sub-prime loan taken. The lenders would suffer significantly and that is what happened. The financial complexity of how such simple thing can lead to the current US financial crisis is difficult to understand.

Saving Money from 10 Free Softwares

2008-09-15T13:54:00.001+05:30

I recently bought a black HP Pavillion desktop for around 30K INR. It came with a “Starter edition” of Microsoft Vista, and lot of pre-installed HP Junk. It is natural being a techie to start surfing for free software for replacing some of the junk that come with Windows and to save money from buying those expensive softwares. Here is a list of softwares that I daily use, some to increase my productivity, some to replace pre-installed softwares and some to save money instead of buying those expensive softwares :

1) K-Meleon Browser : No doubt Internet Explorer is junk and can be harmful in terms of unauthorized scripts or pop ups. So most people recommend Firefox. I love it, but with FF3, is extremely bloated and eats up huge amount of my RAM. I tries Opera and Safari but didn’t like anything. Then I found K-Meleon, which is based on Gecko layout engine. It comes with few useful extensions too. It is fast and have some unique features too. A simple example is switching proxies with one-click. I use different proxies for my home and office, and using K-Meleon, I can switch between them in just one click. Very useful for me.

2) CClearner : A pretty neat system optimization software. It removes unused files from your system - allowing Windows to run faster and freeing up valuable hard disk space. I have used it without any side effects and it helps me keep Windows stable.

3) Launchy : Launchy is a free windows utility designed to help you forget about your start menu, the icons on your desktop, and even your file manager. A very handy tool, just press Alt-Space and it pops up, type whatever application you want to open say “word” or “vim”, it even shows various options. No need to go through “Start –> Programs” etc. Very productive and time saving and best mouse-free.

4) GNU Image Manipulation : GIMP is a free image manipulation software. It is extremely rich in features and can be very handy for amateurs as well as professionals for imagine retouching or any manipulations of image. It can be used for fun as well as for business purposes. Lot of people feel that it is very clumsy to use, but once you get hang of it, you will love it. You can do extreme makeover using GIMP, as the following example illustrates :

It surely is a replacement for Adobe Photoshop.

5) VLC Media Player : It can replace the default Media Player on Windows and is very versatile. It can almost play everything. It can play various audio and video formats (MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, DivX, mp3, ogg) as well as DVDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols.

6) Outlook Attachment Remover : If you are stuck with Outlook as I am (although ThunderBird is considered as it’s replacement, for me it botches some of my emails), this free outlook attachment remover is extremely handy, especially if you get lot of attachments in your emails. This became very helpful for my office system too, since it extracts emails from outlook and keeps it in a pre-specified folder and still keeps the link intact in the email. Very very handy.

7) AVG Antivirus : Instead of spending money for Norton/Symantec Antivirus, the same kind of protection can be obtained by installing the free anti-virus software AVG. It provides a really good protection and doen’t consume huge amount of your resources. With Norton, I always had problems that the system runs slower. AVG is super cool and it keeps updating the virus definitions.

8) Office : The worst part of Windows, is that it comes with lot of unnecessary pre-installed products like IE, but it does not come pre-installed with Microsoft Office. You need to pay extra money to get the Office installed. This is where OpenOffice comes into picture. It is as close replacement to MS Office as it can be.

9) PDF Creator : It is a very handy tool, if you frequently write documents and want to share it with everyone. PDF obviously looks better than word documents. Just install the PDF creator and “print” any document to convert it to PDF. Simple!!

10) GNU Cash : If you want to have a software for managing your personal finance or a small business, then don’t go spending those $$ for buying any software. GNU Cash is extremely good and it is free. It uses a double-entry system, which might be confusing at first, but the tutorials are very nice. It will take you just few minutes to install and start going. It will take some time to look into specific features your need, but almost all that is needed is present. I will be doing a full review of the product later in some other post.

Financial Game - Creditability

2008-09-07T22:44:00.001+05:30

For my earlier post, I received a comment from RaagvamDutt, telling me about reverse mortgage. I am aware of reverse mortgage and know that it can be handy for old couple with constraint income. It does not contradict my conclusions of the earlier post, rather it compliments it.

Buy a house at old age, for living in it, and if you income is not sufficient, put the house on reverse mortgage, to earn that extra income and still live in it.

I just downloaded a new financial game called Creditability. It looks to me a pretty interesting game. Here is what the website claims :

Creditability is set in four different environments: university, a shopping precinct, TV studios and a village. The purpose of the game is to successfully complete the various tasks and challenges within each environment, building up knowledge of money, credit and debt.

Here are some screenshots :

Why NOT to buy a house - II

2008-08-28T21:38:00.002+05:30

I received some comments on my earlier post. Jyoti said :

Your post lists all the valid points for "Buying a house after taking home loan at very high interest rate". But one point is missed - taking a house a investment and selling it after making decent profit and in process accumulating some fund.

I did mention this point in my earlier post

If you really had all the time in world to buy a house and sell it after 2-3 years, then I think you should go ahead.

Jyoti pointed out that a house can be helpful for old people who have no one to take care of – Sell the house and live on interest OR put the house on rent.

Well first thing, if you are old with no earning and entirely dependent on your children to support you, then it is for sure that either you really goofed up prioritising your financial goals OR you had blind trust on your children for support. I agree that there are lots of people who fall under this category and this is an important lesson of all of us in our generation.

Let me tackle her options (assuming I am that old person):

1) Put the house on rent

If I put the house on rent, then I too have to live in a rented apartment, unless I have more than one house. I can gain only if my rent is less than my tenant’s :) Simple maths. If I want to do that I have to lower my living standards. For example, if I have a house which can be put on rent for 14K, then to successfully live on that rent, I need to stay in a house with a rent say 4K-5K. If I as flat owner want to charge more rent, so will be my flat owner :) Doesn’t make sense…. (Another option exists, you rent out the flat in a metro and go and stay in your village/small town, but that is my whole point, if you have to do that why not purchase a house in the same village/small town, it wont cost much and you can use the money earned during lifetime in some better investment avenues)

2) Sell the house and live on interest

This is only possible if you earned a handsome while selling. Imagine for example, today you buy a flat in Bangalore costing 25-40 lakhs, when you retire (30 years from now) how much you expect the returns? Keep in mind that when you sell, so many factors can kill your calculations. Imagine the plight of people who bought houses near old airport (in Bangalore) few years back, now with the airport shifting, the prices have come down, and no guarantee that prices will bounce back and to what levels. I was talking to one of my office-mate who works in Fremont (USA). He was telling me about his friend who bought a house in USA few years back and now when he wants to sell he is finding no takers, he is now even willing to have a loss and sell it. Yes, ofcourse you can gain a lot, but basing your entire post-retirement life on this is not a sound idea (unless you have other investments which can take care of that). BTW, we have not factored the amount of money you have invested over the period in home loans (A 40 lakh house post home loan interest can cost you even 60 lakhs or more based on interest rates). And what about the inflation? Say your 60 lakhs house (including interest) sells at 5 crores (just a random number), do you think that would be enough after 30 years?

As an example, my dad started earning Rs 500 per month 40 years back and lived handsomely (he used to say lavishly) despite the fact that out of Rs 500 he used to pay Rs 200 for his brother’s studies. So essentially he stayed lavishly in Rs 300. After 40 years, i.e. now, if you want to stay that lavishly probably you need around Rs 1 Lakh (just a guess) in a metro. Let me lower it to Rs 50000 [post tax]. If you want to be more conservative in your living, you can even live in Rs 25000 [Rent, travel, grocery etc etc assuming no liabilities] That is close to 50 times. So to maintain current living standard you need may be 50 times that you earn per month. So Rs 25K now, would translate to Rs 12.5 lakhs per month (what about inflation causing rupee depreciation). This is the interest you need per month, so you need a whopping Rs 150 lakhs per year as interest with investing Rs 4.4 crore (34 % per annum). I hope my calculation is correct :)

But at any rate assuming at old age and no responsibility exist, just to live at the same standard, you can not do it alone on a house.

Conclusion:

Buy a house for living in it, at old age.

Don’t expect your children to stay with you (unless you keep them dependent on you)

Don’t just buy because everyone is buying, think long term, where you want to settle in your old age. Timing and location are important.

Buy a house which you can maintain. In old age, it is difficult to spend huge money on maintaining big house. Security is also a concern.

There are so many investment avenues other than house, think about that. In old age, big house won’t help, but surely the life long memories of your world travel can help. Spend money to enjoy life, and not to get imprisoned by the enormous house loan burden.

Keep accumulating small portion of money and buy a house when you are in your forties. At that age, your will be at the peak of your responsibilities, you can have your priorities clear.

If you are earning in dollars or have loads of money, then only buying a house makes sense as investment.

Why NOT to buy a house - I

2008-08-24T11:13:00.002+05:30

If you are living in Bangalore (or for that matter any Indian urban city), everyone would be telling you to buy a house (in case you haven’t already done). I talked about this earlier.

Last month I met my old friends from IIT-K. Some of them are still unmarried and the priority for them is to change their marital status. For those who are married, they are thinking of either buying a house or already have booked one.

One of my friend ‘S’, is at the stage of becoming father and he recently bought a house worth Rs 40 Lakh in Bangalore. Despite the steep price it is just a 3BHK apartment, and the home loan costs him more than Rs 40K for next 20 years. Recently with the interest rate rise, the tenure increased to 25 years and EMI by Rs 600.

I am not questioning his decision, since it is a personal one, but if we look purely in financial terms, it is a double whammy, an exorbitant EMI outgoing every month and the expenses of fatherhood. It is a different matter that he is very cool about it. But for a paranoid like me, it is like choking yourself.

A 3BHK apartment in say close to your office would not cost more than 15-18K, while the apartment not being in so close to your work location increases the travel cost. With EMI of Rs 40K + Petrol Expenses would be humongous.

Ofcourse there are lots of argument for and against it, let me think through it :

1) Buying a house is like building an asset

Has anyone thought why we want to build an asset? My father worked as professor in a little known town “Indore” for almost 45 years. He started at a meager Salary of Rs 400 per month and reached to Rs 10K after so many years. The pension he receives now is Rs 5K per month. In such a small amount he built two houses, but all his children, no longer want to stay in Indore, since more opportunities exist in other cities. My parents spends most of year with each of us, and hence the two houses he built are of no use to any of us. We sold one and he is earning interest on that amount.

So how does the “asset” helped him? I guess rather it deprived him of the much needed “extra” money he might have used during his younger years.

So for sure, the “asset” can not be for your children. Also I would rather not believe that our children would be “emotionally attached” to the house. Bollywood funda “Es ghar ke saath hamari bachpan ki yaadein judi hai”. I guess, most of their formative student life will be spent in hostels in India or abroad.

2) Buying a house gives you security

This asset takes months to sell off, so in case of emergency, it is of no use as a liquid asset. If you are salaried, then you will rarely come across situation where you would need so much money (Rs 40 Lakh etc) to sell a house (unless some medical emergencies come, but then medical insurance should help rather than the house).

It also cannot give you security if you loose your source of income. The logic people have is that if you loose your job, you don’t have to pay the rent, but don’t you have to pay the EMI? Try not to pay your EMI for 2-3 months and then see the volte-face of the same bank who pestered you into getting that loan. So till the time your loan is over, in next 20 years/25 years, you better not loose your job.

3) Buying a house is like investment

If you have investment in mind while buying a house, then why not stock markets. Everyone agrees that investment in stock market has overshadowed any other form of investments over a long horizon (say 10-15 years). So why not build a corpus based on stock markets. If you really had all the time in world to buy a house and sell it after 2-3 years, then I think you should go ahead. But may be you better do it on a full time basis. This can only help if you buy just before the booming time and then sell if after 2-3 years. With markets saturating in Bangalore, it does not make sense, if at all you want it as an investment, then focus on emerging areas like Mysore, Pune etc.

4) Buy a house now before it is unaffordable

I simply don’t understand this logic. The assumption here is that your salary will never increase. I think many of us came from smaller cities, and because of lucrative money we came, so even many years from now, you will get opportunity and if you grab it you will earn much much higher than you do today. Also if the assumption is that salary will not increase, you anyway cannot survive with a house loan. Interest rates can go up based on many external factors and assuming salary remains same for next 15 years, won’t you be expanding your family, kids & their education etc etc. So I guess the equation remains same, but the perspective of how you look matters. Mumbai is considered saturated in terms of real-estate, but even now you can buy a decent house (after so many years of saturation). I know because my brother recently bought an apartment in Mumbai.

To be continued …

Ha ha !! Best Post !!

2008-08-14T18:04:00.001+05:30

I was browsing through some blogs and found Marie’s Blog. Checkout one of the most interesting post. I was ROFLOL.

Another interesting post from her blog. Four Stages of Your LIfe you need to invest.